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Find more Pug puppies for sale in closest states: Washington , Idaho , Nevada , Utah , Montana , Wyoming If you have never owned a Pug before, or are interested in reading more information, check out our Pug Dog Breed Information page. Latest Dog Articles Most common digestion puppy's diseases We don't like to think of our new puppy falling sick with puppy disease. But youngsters get sick quicker and take longer to get well than adults. It's vital to recognize sick puppy behavior, signs and symptoms of puppy illness, and how to know when you ca How to Defend Yourself against a Mad Dog According to World Health Organization about citizens require emergency care treatment on a daily basis for dog bite injury. Also, about 4. Now, those are insanely alarming statistics. But they are tru Dog Care Tips Few things in life are more fun and rewarding than bringing a dog into your family. Your dog will offer your family years of love and loyalty — as long as you provide him with food, shelter, responsible care, and love in return. We here at Pug Place have the ultimate grumble, including a white pug, a chocolate pug, a few silver pugs and even a little reverse brindle pug. We have original black and fawn pugs too! We love sharing the love of pugs with new families and friends. Happy, Healthy Baby Pugs! Our baby pugs get regular vet visits and are raised in a happy loving home. We have some very excited pug puppies to share with you. We are SO happy with baby Penny. Thank you for everything Pug Place! Great place just looking to share Pug Love! Pugs Place Puppies All puppies come vet checked, with first immunizations and vaccination certificate. Pug love and light from our Oregon grumble!! Happy Homes Oregon Pug Puppy facilitator that has been providing puppies since to happy homes. Loving Home Our pug puppies raised in a happy home with regular vet visits to make sure our pugs are happy and healthy. Happy puppies full of energy looking for their new forever home, Contact us today! Follow our Pugs Place on social Follow our social and get exclusive updates on the Pugs! Contact Us. My name is Churro! I love to play outside with my foster siblings. I act like I'm the boss of the pack, but I get along with everyone big and small! I love cuddles from my foster mama! I'm crate trained, and never had an accident inside my crate! Sometimes, when foster Mom picks me up I tend to go into statue mode and I play freeze! She gives me kisses and I love those so much! If you choose me, I promise I'll love you forever! Ruff Ruff! Please email: priya threelittlepittiesrescue. Brought by USDA licensed semi-truck transport. Pick up day is unforgettable! Our dogs travel in style in our big green truck, equipped with air conditioning for comfort, two drivers, and 3 onboard attendants providing 24 hour care. Three Little Pitties wants to set you and your new pet up for success! In addition to a fully vetted furbaby, you also receive many other additional perks such as a 30 day trial of pet insurance with Trupanion must register within 24 hours of first vet appt. The stray and animal overpopulation in the Greater Houston area is one of the highest in the nation. Statistics show that there are over 1 million homeless animals in this region alone! Three Little Pitties Rescue is a nonprofit dog and cat rescue that partners with the community to make a difference. Our mission is to reduce the homeless pet population through community outreach, free spay and neuter services, and saving all breeds of dogs and cats from the streets or animal shelters that oftentimes have no choice but to euthanize animals for space. We prepare them for adoption by properly vetting and providing individualized care through our incredible behavior program that consists of socialization and leash training for all animals that enter our adoption program, prior to matching them with loving families who will treasure them for the rest of their lives. They are rescue dogs and will require continued training efforts once adopted, but will be well on their way to being the best dogs that they can be! Three Little Pitties Rescue just celebrated our 5 year anniversary! Over the course of this time, we have been very fortunate for so much growth, allowing us to further connect with the community and save many lives. Through the combined efforts of all of our hardworking staff and volunteers, we have placed over 11, very lucky dogs and cats into amazing homes! By adopting from us, you save TWO lives! The pet you adopt, and you create an opportunity for another animal to be brought into our rescue program. Together, we can be heroes. Follow along on our rescue journey through the links below! Small right facing arrow These pups are in Salem, Oregon too! Below are our newest added Pugs available for adoption in Salem, Oregon. To see more adoptable Pugs in Salem, Oregon, use the search tool below to enter specific criteria! Learn More How to Care? Keep your pug safe with regular check-ups by your local vet. Learn More How to Groom? Learn More How to Treat? Pugs love food almost as much as they love their family! Use a meal as a training session by handing them one bite of kibble every time they do what you want them to do. Learn More How to Feed? Pugs are always hungry. You could never feed them enough. What Adopters Are Saying Loda welcomed us into her home and introduced all her dogs, answered our questions, and showed us how they manage their grumble. We were able to watch her grow up from birth until the day we picked her up because Loda kept us informed with updates and wonderful pictures. Also feel that pricing was fair. We would definitely buy our next Pug from her no question! Kimberly Artz Oregon Loda is not only the most loving and sweet breeder to her pugs she is extremely reputable! She does everything right including vet visits for new puppies and her home is extremely clean! I have had pugs my entire life and I have never met a breeder more educated and caring for her puppies and mamas. I would recommend her to family and friends for pug puppies. You cannot do better! Laurey Maslyk.

They can both be found in shelters. If adopting one of these dogs or one of their hybrids, like the BT Walker, is what you want, check out your local animal shelters. Buying from a reputable breeder is always more expensive and for a good reason. They might even work as part of a puppy mill. It is good to know what sort of business you support. When you welcome a BT Walker into your family, expect to have a loyal dog by your side. They are very affectionate but also tend to be quite vocal so consider this before making your decision. They were first developed in the middle of the s in Virginia. Their long name has meaning in each word to describe what the dog can do and their history. However long it takes for the gun-toting hunter to arrive is how long this dog stands watch. He was the most critical figure in the early development of the breed. These are the kinds of prey they were made to chase after. The BT Walker has a high prey drive. The Coonhound is made as a sort of ultimate hunting dog, but the Boxer has it in their blood as well. They have less endurance and energy but were still used for flushing out prey in fields. The Boxer received their name for the way that they fight other dogs. Both dogs are fearless and have territorial qualities that make them good at hunting, guarding, and protecting. These dogs combine the seriousness of a police dog with a hunter. Like many of the dogs that have the mental capacity and determination to work for the police, they were developed in Germany. They were first used on farms for many different purposes. Boxers prefer to have some sort of job to do, and being a farm dog suited them. However, during the late s, they were brought into the force. This incorporation ended up being a good choice for the military because the German army used them during World War I. Their association with the Germans decreased their popularity during and after the World War. While they have quite a few good traits, they have characteristics that make them a difficult dog for some people to own. Their excellent traits include their overall affection and loyalty. These dogs are full of life and just as full of love for their families. They protect them and shower them with cuddles and kisses whenever they can. They recognize when they are on the job, though, and take those moments much more seriously. The negative traits include their affinity for loudly vocalizing whenever they think you need to know something, which is all the time. This barking is challenging to train out of them because it has been ingrained in their DNA. They can also be quite stubborn. With a high prey drive, it is difficult to have these dogs around other, smaller animals. Are These Dogs Good for Families? They typically do better in a household with older children. That is only because of their boundless energy. They may tend to knock younger children over by playing too rough or actively. They can swing one way or another in their territorial tendencies, mostly depending on the training in their first years. That said, they are also quite friendly. Having another medium-sized or large breed dog around helps run and play out some of their energy during days that you might not have enough time. Since they have such a high prey drive, they are not good to have around smaller animals. Be careful when introducing them to cats and small mammals, especially. It is not typical for them to be aggressive, but they do love the chase. Height: 20 - 26 inches at the shoulder Weight: 65 - 75 lb. Lifespan: 10 - 12 years Boxer Coonhound Mix Personality Like all hybrids, you have to look to the parents to get a good read on how they will likely behave. This could obviously make for a very powerful and strong breed. Both of these parent breeds can be strong and powerful and have very strong prey and drive instincts. They should get along well with other animals if exposed and socialized properly as well. They are somewhat capable of independence, or alone time when the house is noisy or full. She responds well to positive reinforcement, like all dogs. She should be rather affectionate and enjoy spending lots of time with you. However, the one positive thing about getting a puppy is that you can avoid this as much as possible. A breeder should absolutely offer a health guarantee on puppies. A reputable breeder will be honest and open about health problems in the breed and the incidence with which they occur. Health clearances prove that a dog has been tested for and cleared of a particular condition. The Dalmatian mixed with the Coonhound might be prone to Cancer, heart problems, hypothyroidism, bloat, deafness, eye problems, patellar luxation, Note that these are just common problems in both breeds. Boxer Coonhound Mix Care What are the grooming requirements? Both of these dogs have rather shorter hair and should be pretty easy to groom. However, the Coonhound might shed like crazy, even though it has shorter hair. Be prepared to brush them a few times a week. Either way, get ready to invest in a good vacuum if you want to keep your floors clean! Give them baths as needed, but not so much that you dry out their skin. Never tie your dog up outside - that is inhumane and not fair to him. What are the exercise requirements? Plan on taking them for extremely long walks and hikes to keep their energy level down. This exercise will keep them from being destructive. A tired dog is a good dog. A tired dog is a good dog though. What are the training requirements? This is an intelligent dog that will be a little bit challenging to train. They are going to want to take the alpha position and need someone with a firm, strong, hand that can let them know their place. The best thing you can do is break the sessions into shorter daily sessions to keep their attention span higher. It might have a prey drive and be disposed to running for and chasing small prey, but if handled properly this can be managed. All dogs respond best to positive reinforcement. So make sure to praise her when she does well. She is an intelligent dog who loves to please, and loves a physical challenge. The more exercise she gets the easier she will be to train. Proper socialization is imperative to all dogs and puppies. Make sure to take her to the park and doggy day care to get her around as many people and dogs as possible. Boxer Coonhound Mix Feeding A lot of times diet is done on a per-dog basis. Each one is unique and has different dietary requirements. Most dogs in the U. A mix like this one that is prone to hip and elbow dysplasia should really be on fish oil and glucosamine and chondroitin supplements as soon as possible. Overfeeding any dog is not a good idea as that can really exacerbate health problems such as elbow and hip dysplasia. A good diet to look into is Raw Food Diet. A raw food diet will be especially good for the Wolf background. Links to other breeds you might be interested in. This beautiful hybrid dog is originated from the crossing of Coonhound dog and Boxer dog. It is easy to deal with the purebreds rather than the designer breeds. This dog breed is a powerful and loyal dog breed that can be adopted as a pet. This hybrid dog breed is accepted and recognized by various organizations. As this is a hybrid dog breed, hence it seems to have the traits of both dog breeds. However, the percentage of traits from both parents may vary. Do not leave your beloved Boxer Coonhound Mix dog alone at home. The boxer dog breed can reach to a maximum height of about 25 inches while the other parent dog breed, Coonhound dog, can reach up to 26 inches in height. Similarly, the weight of parent dog breed, Boxer, can reach up to 70 pounds. While the weight of Coonhound dog may reach up to 75 pounds. Average Lifespan of Boxer Coonhound Mix: The average life expectancy of both parent dog breed is almost the same. The boxer parent of Boxer Coonhound Mix depicts to have a life expectancy of about 10 years to 12 years. Similarly, the Coonhound has 10 — 12 years of life expectancy. Their coat is short and quite easy to groom. Brush the coat when required. However, there is limited information available about this dog breed. If you are having this dog breed at your home or in neighbours, then do share your experience and details with us. However, the better care and regular medical check-up can make a difference. These are powerful and strong dogs which should be fed well. Your vet can help you in ensuring the good health of your dog. This is an energetic dog breed which should be taken for hiking and long walks in order to satisfy its energy levels. They may suffer from elbow dysplasia, obesity, and hip dysplasia. Read more to know about the interesting facts about splendid dog breed, Boxer Chow Mix. It would aid you in taking good care of your pet. Here comes a good news for pet sellers! Contact us with the details of your beloved pet and get it featured on our website. Happy Selling!

Things to do with your English Bulldog Michigan is a great place to live with an English bulldog. The state has a diverse landscape, plenty of outdoor activities, and dog-friendly businesses. Hike the Trails Hiking is a great way to get some exercise and enjoy the outdoors. There are many hiking trails in Michigan that are perfect for English bulldogs. Be sure to bring plenty of water and snacks for your dog, and take breaks often. Visit a Campground Camping is another great way to enjoy the outdoors with your English bulldog. There are many campgrounds in Michigan that allow dogs. Be sure to bring a tent, sleeping bags, food, water, and other supplies. There are many places to fish in Michigan, both in fresh water and salt water. Be sure to get a fishing license and follow all the rules and regulations. Go Boating Boating is another great way to enjoy the outdoors with your English bulldog. There are many places to boat in Michigan, both on rivers and lakes. Be sure to bring a life jacket for your dog and follow all the safety rules. There are many places to swim in Michigan, both in fresh water and salt water. Be sure to supervise your dog at all times and follow all the safety rules. Visit a Dog Park Dog parks are a great place for English bulldogs to run and play off-leash. There are many dog parks in Michigan, both in urban and rural areas. Visit Pet-Friendly Businesses Michigan has a number of pet-friendly businesses, including restaurants, hotels, and stores. These are just a few of the many things you can do with your English bulldog in Michigan. With its stunning scenery, endless activities, and friendly people, Michigan is the perfect place to create lasting memories with your furry friend. How do you breed for a healthier English Bulldog? Like all things in life, breeding for health is simply a matter of priority. We are blind to many of the breed priorities that distract other breeders from improving the health of the English Bulldog. We focus on health and personality and very little else. We are not interested in winning a blue ribbon in the show ring. Rather, we test for things like elongated soft palates, narrow tracheas, stenotic nares, luxation in the patellar tendons, heart defects, cherry eye, optic cilia, entropion, ect. We focus and prioritize creating healthy bloodlines, therefore our bulldogs are typically much healthier than the breed as a whole. After breeding for health, what other priorities are you focused on? Our true desire is to create the perfect family bulldog. We also believe a bulldog bred for the correct personality is essential to the family unit as well. A Bruiser Bulldog is bred for intelligence and playfulness. We want our bulldogs to be full of personality and some quirk. We believe a full personality along with a little stubbornness is the true North star of the bulldog breed and is what makes the unique among other breeds. We look for these personality traits in our adult bulldogs and continue to create bloodlines that reflect these qualities. What are the steps of your adoption process if I am located in Michigan? Check out our available English Bulldog Puppies page. At times, we have available puppies but almost always have a waiting list as well. A quick look at our available puppies is the starting point to begin the process. Send us an email or give us call .If approved to adopt one of our puppies you are welcome to place a deposit to hold until your puppy is ready to go home. Greetings from the Wysongs! Northern Indiana based, Bruiser Bulldogs offers purebred English Bulldog Puppies for sale to loving adopters seeking to find a higher quality English Bulldog. As English Bulldog breeders , Mitch and Erica Wysong have dedicated themselves to a lifelong journey of changing the culture and societal pressures of poor breeding practices within the English Bulldog Community. Mitch and Erica believe in producing a healthy English Bulldog puppy first and foremost. Through years of research and development, Bruiser Bulldogs is leading a new movement away from the overdone, wrinkled bulldog that has been long plagued by health problems. By embracing a healthier, more athletic look they are able to ensure that each and every English Bulldog Puppy for sale by Bruiser Bulldogs is supported by a platform of health tested, clean genetics. Upon adoption, each family that takes on the responsibility of a Bruiser Bulldog enters into an active and vibrant communal family of bulldog owners. Mitch and Erica believe it is their responsibility to provide emotional and mental support for the lifetime of each and every English Bulldog puppy they produce. To ensure the success of every adoption, Bruiser Bulldogs will always be committed to helping Bruiser Bulldog adopters care for their English Bulldogs to the best of their ability. I am familiar with common and uncommon health problems they may face so when my boyfriend and I decided we were ready to adopt our own english puppy finding a reputable breeder that prioritizes health was most important to us. Erica and Mitch of Bruiser Bulldogs are just that. They are experienced, ethical and quality breeders. I was referred to them by my friend that I trust after I saw their gorgeous healthy puppy. Our Puppy Primrose is the light of our lives! Bruisers was there to assist us every step of the way. We would highly recommend Bruisers Bulldogs to anyone looking for their own happy, healthy pup! Leah H. We were lucky to have come across Bruiser Bulldogs and even more so the fact that they were near our family and hometown made it even better. We have had Clementine Callie for four months now, and she is a wonderful dog. Her personality is amazing, and I think part of it is breeding and the other part is Erika and her family lovingly raising the puppies in their home with plenty of attention and snuggles. I also was impressed that, rather than send the puppies out right at 8 weeks, Erika kept ours for a few extra weeks because she was tiny and not read to leave her mom yet. It's that care that differentiates Bruisers from other breeders. Emily R. Erica was easy to work with thru the entire process from application to adopting and now beyond as we host our new family member, Chief. Her on-call support and willingness to provide open, honest advice to all of our questions and concerns continues to be appreciated. We would highly recommend Bruiser Bulldogs to anyone looking for an English Bulldog to join their family. Elizabeth W. Lady L. They are experienced, responsive and knowledgeable about all things bulldog related. They went above and beyond for us and are truly dedicated to all of their pups! We love our little girl so much and would recommend Bruiser to anyone looking for a healthy beautiful bully. Jonathan E. Erica and Mitch are trustworthy, excellent communicators, fair, passionate, and produce the best bulldogs. We were at the top of the waiting list for months and Erica reached out every litter to see if we were finally ready for a bulldog. When we were, she was very easy to work with. Her knowledge on bulldogs is outstanding. We had many questions on the process and she always knew what was best for the puppy. We've had Penny formerly Blair for two months and she is very healthy, energetic, playful, and sweet. She is great with other people and dogs. We are so happy with our pup. When we are ready for bulldog 2, we will only consider Bruiser Bulldogs. Mitch C. Bowser was born April and is an integral part of our family. When we were first exploring English Bulldog breeders our biggest concern was the overall health of the dogs. We decided to work with Erica at Bruiser Bulldogs because we liked their focus on improving the breeds breathing abilities and the fact that the puppies are raised within her family environment before coming home with their new owners. Bowser also breaths clearly and our vet was impressed with his overall health from the moment we brought him home. All that said we know English Bulldogs have a predisposition to many health issues and that his current health can not predict the future. With that In mind its important to start with a breeder that open to answer any of your questions as Erica has ours, and that strongly believes in improving the breeds overall health profile. Adam B. My sister ended up finding Bruiser Bulldogs and we knew right away that they were the breeder for us. In September we ended up driving 9 hours to pick up two Bruiser bulldog puppies- one for my husband and I and one for my mom. Jackson and Penelope have been nothing but a joy. They are both very athletic and healthy. They are also HUGE snugglers and always want to be with you. It is an absolute pleasure having these two bullies in our lives! Erica is very knowledgeable about the breed. She is very hands on throughout the process and is just overall a kind and honest person to work with. With all that being said I cannot recommend Bruiser Bulldogs enough! Collyn C. One of the reasons we chose Bruiser Bulldogs was due to the claims about breeding for health. During our first visit at our vet's office, he told us that our pup was one of the healthiest English bulldogs he had ever seen. He is healthy, happy and social. Would recommend to anyone. Christina S. We seen our dog on their website and sent them an Email. Mitch called us and personally walked us through the process and made sure we had the right dog for our family. We couldn't be happier when we picked up our dog Ramsey, Erica made sure we had everything we needed and then some. They are truly amazing people who breed truly amazing dogs! Jim T. Welcome to the Michigan state page on TrustedPuppies. Nestled in the heart of the Midwest, Michigan is renowned for its stunning lakeshores, vibrant cities, and variety of dog-friendly activities. Our goal is to connect you with the most exceptional English Bulldog breeders and puppies for sale in the region, ensuring you find the ideal companion for your family. Our site features a wide variety of reputable Michigan breeders who specialize in raising healthy and happy puppies. Our MI breeders are committed to raising the highest quality puppies. They provide their puppies with all the necessary vaccinations and veterinary checkups to ensure they are in the best of health before they go to their forever homes. They also provide ongoing support and advice to ensure a smooth transition for both you and your new furry friend. Discover the dynamic dog-friendly scene in Michigan, featuring inviting restaurants, spacious dog parks, and engaging dog shows. For those passionate about dog shows, events like the West Michigan Harvest Cluster Dog Show provide an opportunity to appreciate the elegance and charm of English Bulldog canines while connecting with fellow enthusiasts. Michigan claims the 7th position in U. At TrustedPuppies. Most of our reputable English Bulldog breeders provide safe and affordable flight delivery, complete with a dedicated flight nanny who accompanies your new pup throughout their journey, ensuring their safety and comfort as they travel to their new home in Michigan. Many breeders also offer affordable vehicle delivery, utilizing specialized pet delivery services. This option allows your English Bulldog puppy to be transported directly to your door by a professional who understands the unique requirements of pet transportation. Begin your search for the perfect English Bulldog puppy on TrustedPuppies. Frequently Asked Questions What are some of the health issues English bulldogs are likely to face? The English bulldog has various health issues with the most alarming being cardiac and respiratory complications. English bulldogs are also prone to dyslexia in the hip due to their relatively large body size. Skin infections are also a concern do to the wrinkly and folds nature of the skin. What is the lifespan of an English bulldog? The English bulldog can live up to years on an average scale. This is usually due to the numerous complications and health challenges the bulldog faces in the course of life. How frequently do English bulldogs shed? English bulldogs shed more frequently during the cold seasons like winter and spring. Compared to other dogs, they shed rather moderately and even lesser as they age. How hard is it to train an English bulldog? This breed of dog is known for its stubborn nature and can be really difficult especially for novice dog owners to get the hang of. Patience and routine should be the keywords when dealing with a bulldog. Are English bulldogs good watchdogs? The English bulldog has a natural instinct to protect its territory. Even though the bulldog is not usually much of a barking dog, in the case of an intruder it is well equipped and confident to take on the challenge at every cost. Are English Bulldogs dangerous to their owners? The English bulldog is not a dangerous pet. It is very much territorial and somewhat apprehensive to unfamiliar faces, but once it warms up to you, the bulldog is one of the most loving and loyal dogs. How much exercise do English Bulldogs need? The English bulldog on average needs about 30minuites of exercise every day to keep it mentally and physically healthy. Are English Bulldogs family dogs? The English bulldog may seem aggressive at first glance but you will get to find that they have a contrasting character to their appearance. They are perfect around children and can play all day. They are extremely lovable and friendly. How big do English Bulldogs get? English bulldogs can weigh up to 50 pounds and can grow as tall as 15inches. Male or female English Bulldog? This depends solely on the owner as both genders have their specific pros and cons. English bulldogs are very friendly and warm dogs and are amazing around children. No wonder they are one of the most sought-after breeds in the world. Are you interested in purchasing a English Bulldog? Fill out the below form and we'll get back to you as soon as possible.

What is Elbow Dysplasia? The condition eventually causes pain whenever the forelimb is moved and may eventually cause arthritis. Trauma to the elbow joint can also lead to changes within the elbow that mimic elbow dysplasia, but this disease results from genetic factors that cause abnormalities in joint formation, not trauma. Symptoms of Elbow Dysplasia: Dogs who have elbow dysplasia may show signs of the disease by suffering from mild to moderate pain and lameness in their forelimbs as early as four months old or they may not have any symptoms until later in their life. Even though the disease can manifest at any age, it is commonly diagnosed when dogs are around two years old. Dog owners frequently take the dog to the vet complaining of stiffness in the front legs but both elbow joints are usually affected. How soon a dog will show symptoms is related to how severe the abnormality in the joint is. Dogs eventually develop arthritis inflammation in the joint from years of the parts of the joint rubbing against each other. On physical examination the vet may find pain when the elbow is manipulated. There may also be swelling, crepitus a crunching noise and a decrease in the range of motion the dog has. There are different types of elbow dysplasia and the vet may order a CT scan to identify which type of elbow dysplasia the dog has. In addition, arthroscopy surgery or open joint surgery is considered the best way to determine the extent of the damage in the joint. If arthritis has already set in it is more difficult to know how beneficial this surgery will be. Arthroscopic surgery surgically inserting a scope -is considered the best option for cases that are good candidates for surgical intervention. Open joint surgery — may also be the best option for some cases. Board-certified veterinary surgeons are advisable for the surgical diagnosis and treatment of all forms of elbow dysplasia. Elbow replacement surgery — is currently being researched, but still unavailable. Non-Surgical Options: We can manage pain by treating dogs with pain relieving drugs and glucosamine and fatty acid supplements. However, due to the discomfort and debilitation a dog suffers from this disease, some dogs may have increased lameness and even a decreased lifespan. Prevention: The best way to prevent elbow dysplasia is to prevent it from occurring by not breeding dogs can pass it to future generations. Elbow dysplasia Elbow lameness: In a young dog, a deformed elbow may be the problem The term dysplasia refers to a developmental defect, where abnormal cells appear in a particular type of tissue or organ. And while hip dysplasia tends to get the headlines for canine orthopedic health, elbow dysplasia can be equally debilitating. Elbow dysplasia is the second-most common cause of elbow lameness in dogs. The first is osteoarthritis, which can be associated with elbow dysplasia. Breed prevalence Rottweilers, Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherd Dogs, Golden Retrievers and Chow Chows head the list of breeds with a high prevalence of this orthopedic problem, but any dog can suffer from elbow dysplasia. Large dogs are most likely to develop it, but Pugs are second on the prevalence list produced by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. Elbow dysplasia is a genetic ailment, so breeders are encouraged not to use affected dogs in their breeding programs. While elbow dysplasia cannot be cured, it can be well-managed. With surgery and the appropriate medical management, many dogs have a good long-term prognosis. Some dogs will start refusing to exercise, with a noticeable decrease in their overall activity level. Dogs with this defect often move by turning their paw inward, noticeably holding their elbow out from the body in an attempt to shift weight off the sore part of the joint. If your dog has elbow dysplasia only on one side of their body, you or your veterinarian may notice their lameness earlier. That is the clinical picture if both elbows are affected but one side hurts more than the other. If both elbows are equally affected, then it can be more difficult to pick up on lameness. Most dogs will try to compensate with a shortened stride, and the range of motion in their joints is generally reduced. Another clue is if you see your dog manipulating their leg by extending and flexing the elbow joint — an action that is often associated with pain. Even with a more stoic dog, owners may notice some swelling of affected elbow joints along with abnormal warmth in the area. In dogs, the elbow joint involves three bones: the humerus, ulna and radius. These bones must all work together perfectly to give your dog pain-free movement in their elbow joint. Diagnosis True elbow dysplasia will not be diagnosed before 4 to 6 months of age, when the growth plates in joints are still closing. Most dogs are a couple of months older before a clear-cut diagnosis is made. Most dogs are diagnosed with elbow dysplasia by physical examination and by doing a thorough lameness evaluation at 4 to 12 months of age. In mild cases, however, affected dogs may not show lameness until 7 or 8 years of age, when arthritis kicks in. Diagnosing an elbow problem requires a thorough lameness exam with radiographs. Flexed views of both elbows can show defective areas and identify early arthritic changes. A CT scan and arthroscopic surgery to look into the joint are used to guide diagnosis and therapy. Treatment As with so many health problems, early intervention is best. For mild cases of elbow dysplasia, the goal of surgery is to remove any damaged tissues, which will often help to relieve pain, at least temporarily. Dogs with moderate-to-severe elbow deformities may need extensive surgery to realign the malformed elbow joint. A new option for dogs is surgical elbow replacement, a very difficult, expensive option. There are several elbow replacement systems available, but they all come with very serious complications. We are still diligently working on improving surgical approach and implant designs to reduce complications. Follow-up rehabilitation will be critical. Prevention For any puppy, but especially ones with a greater risk for any orthopedic defect, keeping the puppy trim as they grow is important. Your veterinarian may recommend some joint supplements right from a young age, even for normal pups, and they will encourage moderate exercise. This is when your dog repetitively jumps down off the bed, off the couch, out of your car and other similar movements. Going down long flights of stairs frequently can also add trauma. Many breeders recommend that puppies avoid more than 2 or 3 stairs until 6 months of age or older since the potential for damage is worse for puppies than for adult dogs. Rigorous use of screenings for breeding animals with full public information is currently the best bet for decreasing cases of elbow dysplasia. Normal parents may produce elbow problems, but the incidence is much lower than if one or both parents have bad elbows themselves. He personally recommends taking action as soon as possible to detect pain and lameness early, perform an arthroscopic coronoidectomy, followed by intensive non-surgical supportive care. It has been a humbling experience," he says. I believe it is arrogant to think we can fix it once the problem develops. Some dogs feel very sore with a Grade 1 diagnosis, whereas others rated Grade 3 are minimally lame. Grade 1: Minimal bone change along the anconeal process of their ulna at less than 2 mm Grade 2: Additional bone proliferation along the anconeal process 2—5 mm and subchondral bone changes trochlear notch sclerosis Grade 3: Well-developed degenerative joint disease with bone proliferation along the anconeal process being greater than 5 mm There are three other processes that describe specific types of bony defects in the elbow: fragmented medial coronoid process FCP , osteochondrosis of the humeral condyle and ununited anconeal process. These all fall under the umbrella of elbow dysplasia umbrella, and they all lead to secondary arthritis. Some dogs will be affected on just one side, but many dogs will have problems with both elbows. Fragmented coronoid process is the most common. There is the potential to make them worse, and surgery is expensive. The elbow cannot correct itself. That said, if surgery is impossible for other reasons, then medical-management strategies designed to help with severe arthritis are your next-best choice. Therapies include: Weight management: Simply getting your dog to their normal weight may decrease their pain dramatically. Exercise: Moderate exercise moves the joint and builds cushion. Be sure to use proper warm-up and cool-down periods. For example, if your dog loves to play ball, a minute walk will help loosen their joints so that they can move more freely. Laser treatments, TENs transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation , ice therapy and acupuncture may be worth trying. Pain medications: Your veterinarian may recommend a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug NSAID , such as carprofen, to help keep your dog comfortable. Joint supplements: Ingredients like glucosamine, hyaluronic acid and chondroitin encourage healthy cartilage and increased joint fluid, which help act as cushions. Work with your veterinarian to choose the best supplement for your dog. Injectables: Adequan is another injectable drug that could help with the accompanying osteoarthritis and pain. Injecting platelet-rich plasma PRP into the joint has also been used with some success in canine elbow dysplasia. Synovetin OA is a new, injectable medication that uses electron therapy to target macrophages and synoviocytes in the painful elbow. It must be injected directly into the affected joint. Elbow Dysplasia Overview Canine elbow dysplasia is a common disorder and has been shown to be more prevalent than hip dysplasia in some breeds. The problem is a congenital, hereditary disease affecting young dogs, usually under one year of age. This mal-alignment causes abnormal pressure or joint loading, and chronic rubbing which wears away the cartilage resulting in severe osteoarthritis. Elbow dysplasia can be broken down into numerous underlying pathologies such as fragmented medial coronoid process, osteochondritis dissecans and medial compartment syndrome just to name a few. Definitive diagnosis is made via CT scanning and arthroscopic examination. Some cases can be treated entirely with arthroscopic procedures. Clinical signs of elbow dysplasia The primary clinical sign of canine elbow dysplasia is limping or lameness. Head bobbing at a fast walk or slow trot is typical of front limb lameness. The lameness is usually not recognizable at a run. Some dogs with elbow dysplasia are reluctant to go for long walks or play for long periods of time. Dogs with elbow dysplasia also have limited range of motion ROM in the elbow joints and have pain on elbow extension and flexion. The limited ROM may cause discomfort and difficulty when lying down in sternal position. Diagnosis of elbow dysplasia The diagnosis of canine elbow dysplasia is based on physical examination, radiographs X-rays , computerized tomography CT Scan and ultimately arthroscopy. The surgeons at CCOR can make a fairly accurate diagnosis of elbow dysplasia and discuss the next steps based on physical examination and simple X-rays alone. CT scanning is often needed for the ultimate, final treatment plan. Arthroscopy is used both as a diagnostic tool and to treat elbow dysplasia. Treatment options for elbow dysplasia The treatment options for canine elbow dysplasia depend on the actual definitive diagnosis. Non-surgical treatments include pain management, physical therapy, nutraceuticals such as glucosamine, and various intra-articular injections. All of these options may be indicated in older dogs, or in conjunction with arthroscopic treatments, but none of the above listed treatments address the underlying problem. A common misconception regarding joint injections stem cells, PRP, etc. Intra-articular injections joint injections are commonly performed but with somewhat variable clinical results. Stem cells, platelet rich plasma PRP , hyaluronic acid HA and glucocorticoid steroids are the typical products injected. Recent studies have shown clinical improvement in some dogs with elbow dysplasia treated with PRP. The duration of improvement is currently unknown, but a best guess would be 6 months. Colorado Canine Orthopedics has extensive experience with intra-articular joint injections and we would be happy to discuss the pros and cons of joint injections for individual patients. Surgical treatment options can be broken down into arthroscopic treatments, osteotomies bone cuts to realign the bones, or a combination of both. Virtually all board certified surgeons agree that dogs with elbow dysplasia require a thorough arthroscopic examination both to evaluate pathology and provide treatment. The arthroscope usually mm in diameter is passed through the opening and into the joint. Joint visualization via magnified arthroscopy is incredibly thorough comparted to open joint inspection which is minimal at best. Bone and cartilage fragments and other joint debris can be identified and removed via arthroscopy. Dogs undergoing arthroscopic elbow surgery have a fair to excellent prognosis depending on the exact diagnosis, degree of incongruency and existing osteoarthritis OA. Nearly all surgeons agree our best defense against progressive OA is to obtain an accurate diagnosis CT and arthroscopic examination , remove any free fragments and minimize abnormal joint contact. Overall, the majority of dogs with elbow problems lead a fairly normal life although some degree of OA is inevitable. Fragmented medial coronoid process Fragmented coronoid process is a subset of elbow dysplasia that affects large and giant breed dogs, particularly Retrievers, Rottweilers, Mastiffs, Bernese Mountain dogs, and German Shepherd dogs. Malalignment and overloading of the medial innermost aspect of the joint compartment are believed to be key in this pathology. Loading or abnormal weight bearing on the medial compartment leads to concurrent cartilage erosions often full thickness and possible fragmentation of the medial coronoid. Diagnosis of fragmented coronoid process and medial compartment disease can be challenging. Radiographs are helpful but not definitive. In our opinion, arthroscopy is the ideal modality for the diagnosis of fragmented coronoid process because it allows accurate diagnosis and treatment of the fragment, as well as cartilage assessment. Traditional open surgery to diagnose fragmented coronoid is antiquated. First and foremost, the surgical approach to the elbow joint that affords the surgeon a thorough inspection is invasive and has moderate post-operative morbidity. Secondly, the arthroscopic visualization of key structures is far superior to an invasive surgical approach. Treatment of fragmented coronoid process in mild cases involves arthroscopic removal of the fragmented bone and cartilage. Arthroscopy is fast, effective, and minimally invasive. Arthroscopic treatment takes between 15 and 30 minutes per elbow and virtually all dogs can be treated on an outpatient basis. In mild cases the prognosis for return to normal activity is excellent. Most dogs return to normal activity within a few weeks to a few months with little or no lameness. In moderate cases, the coronoid process is both fragmented and abnormal in size and shape, cartilage erosion is present on both the medial humeral condyle and the non-fragmented portion of the remaining medial coronoid. In these situations, the fragment is removed and a partial coronoidectomy is performed arthroscopically. An ulnar osteotomy may also be performed in moderate cases. The prognosis for moderate cases of fragmented coronoid process is less certain. If the aforementioned treatments are performed and the cartilage is in fair condition, many dogs have no or minimal lameness and the progression of arthritis is slow. Medial compartment disease In the majority of dogs with chronic severe elbow dysplasia, all of the cartilage on the medial innermost aspect of the joint is worn away, resulting in what is now termed medial compartment disease. Unfortunately, this degree of osteoarthritis is difficult to successfully treat. Arthroscopy can be used to remove any free fragments and the joint. Several osteotomies such as proximal dynamic ulnar osteotomy and PAUL procedure can also be used to treat medial compartment syndrome with variable results. Platelet rich plasma has shown some promise for short term improvement but will not promote cartilage regrowth. Elbow replacement is available, and has been performed at CCOR, but the procedure is new and long-term results are not yet available. Canine osteochondritis dissecans OCD Osteochondritis Dissecans OCD is a juvenile bone disease that can affect the shoulder, stifle, tarsal and elbow joints of young dogs. Osteochondritis Dissecans is a subset of osteochondrosis. Osteochondrosis is a failure of endochondral ossification; the process by which most bones grow and involves juvenile cartilage being replaced by bone. This failure of cartilage becoming bone results in overly thick joint cartilage adjacent to the joint figure 1. The deepest layer of this thickened cartilage is inadequately nourished resulting in cell death figure 2. Cartilage debris and inflammatory mediators are released into the joint fluid and inflammation ensues. Elbow OCD affects young large and giant breed dogs. Limping is the common clinical sign. Many dogs have pain on elbow flexion and extension, as well as limited range of motion. Radiographs are helpful in diagnosing OCD, but CT scanning and arthroscopy are used for definitive diagnosis. Treatment for elbow OCD involves arthroscopic debridement followed by a cartilage grafting procedure called osteochondral autograph transfer system OATS. Artificial cartilage plugs Synacart by Arthrex can also be used to fill the defect. Some forms of biological treatment such as platelet rich plasma or stem cells have also been advocated but will not result in cartilage regeneration despite claims made by some. Canine ununited anconeal process UAP Ununited anconeal process UAP is an elbow disorder most often affecting young German Shepherds, although it can be seen in almost any breed. The underlying problem is not clearly understood. UAP may be associated with malalignment of the elbow joint or a genetic juvenile bone disorder called osteochondrosis. The most common clinical signs are limping and swelling of the elbow joint. Clinical signs usually appear at about months of age. Radiography, CT scan and arthroscopy are used to make the diagnosis. Treatment options include arthroscopy, ulnar osteotomy, fragment removal or fragment re-attachment. Treatment should be initiated as soon as the diagnosis is made. The prognosis is fair to good. Cost of elbow disorder treatments Veterinary specialty care is a double-edged sword these days no pun intended. All major orthopedic procedures are more sophisticated, successful, and less invasive today than they were in the past. These advances come at a cost for the surgeon and client. Fees for elbow arthroscopy includes anesthesia and monitoring, nerve blocks when needed, and routine go home medication. Radiographs and CT scans are charged for separately and should be discussed at the time of the initial consultation. Osteotomies, when required, are charged for separately and should be discussed on a case by case basis. At Colorado Canine Orthopedics we are committed to providing only state of the art, non-compromised pet healthcare. We realize some pet owners may find this level of care relatively costly. However, despite the inherently expensive nature of our work, we are dedicated to providing the highest level of care at the most affordable price possible. We believe if you compare our fees to other specialty practices you will find this true. Back to Top. References 1. Clinical and pathological effects Elbow dysplasia ED is a general term that encompasses five distinct anatomical problems that tend to result in malformation of the elbow joint and to early-onset osteoarthritis. HCO, and the other four, are described below. Fragmented medial coronoid process FMCP : The medial coronoid process is a piece of bone that should form part of the top of the ulna and part of the elbow joint. In FMCP, during early development, this fails to connect to the ulna. Ununited anconeal process UAP : The anconeal process is a protrusion of the top of the ulna. Developmentally, it starts as a separate bone which should fuse to the ulna. When this fusion fails to happen, the dog suffers from a UAP. Elbow incongruity IC : Dogs with IC have malformed articular surfaces of the three bones that make up the elbow and because of this they do not fit together normally. It can affect the weight-bearing surfaces between the humerus and the radius and ulna and also the way in which the upper part of the ulna fits inside the lower end of the humerus Schwarz .Ununited medial epicondyle UME : This is an uncommon condition in which the medial epicondyle, a bone on the end of the humerus, fails to unite with the humerus during development. Here the focus is on HCO. Other forms of elbow dysplasia can also occur in this breed, especially UAP Keller et al , and HCO is also common in other dogs, particularly those of large body size. More than one form of elbow dysplasia may be seen in the same elbow. Figure 1. The three bones of the elbow joint separated and in normal alignment. In a healthy canine elbow joint the ulna and radius form a flat surface for articulation with the humerus. Image property of Phil Witte, to whom we are grateful for permission to reproduce it here. At their upper ends, the radius and part of the ulna form a flattened surface that bears the load imposed by the condyles of the humerus. The condyles of the humerus are two fist-like projections on the lower end of the humerus that articulate with the radius and ulna bones at the elbow joint. They are formed of bone covered with joint cartilage. The condyle on the inside on the side of the humerus adjacent to the body is the medial condyle, the other is the lateral condyle. Figure 2. The anterior front view of the humerus, highlighting the location of the humeral condyles. Bones grow through growth of cartilage and, as the cartilage layer thickens, the lower, older layers become ossified — that is, they turn into bone. In osteochondrosis, trauma, nutritional disturbance or other factors disturbs this process of ossification so an area of thickening cartilage develops. As cartilage has no blood supply it cannot function well when it is thicker than normal. Thick cartilage degenerates and an area of diseased cartilage forms. This may crack, cavities may form within it, and it may fragment Guthrie et al .When cartilage fragments break free into the joint the condition is called osteochondrosis dessicans,and the function of the joint is compromised. In early stages, when only cartilage is affected, the disease is only detectable with direct observation by surgery usually arthroscopy. Only later, when bone is also diseased, will changes be detectable on radiography Remy et al , Baines .Figure 3. The deeper layers of articular cartilage red covering the surface of the humeral condyles have failed to turn to bone. The result is an abnormally thick layer of cartilage, which can then crack and fragment due to a lack of blood supply, causing discomfort and inhibiting the action of the joint. Dogs with HCO develop osteoarthritis degenerative joint disease of the elbow. In osteoarthritis there are progressive changes to the cartilage of the affected joint, varying amounts of inflammation and ongoing damage to other joint structures - the joint capsule, the synovial fluid of the joint and the surrounding bone. These changes are often present by months of age but can show later. Typical signs include: stiffness after rest, lameness which can be worse after exercise and pain when the leg is straightened or bent. Such signs are indistinguishable from other causes of elbow dysplasia and imaging of the joint eg by radiography is usually needed to make a definitive diagnosis Schwarz , Shell .Affected dogs may be treated with rest and pain-killers, and often treatment needs to be life-long. Removal of the diseased cartilage is often recommended. This can be performed using open joint surgery or with an arthroscope an endoscope designed for joints via key-hole incisions. Figures 4a and 4b. Osteoarthritic changes to the shape and structure of the elbow joint. The shaded areas on figure 4a extended elbow and 4b flexed elbow represent the changes to bone and cartilage as a result of HCO and other forms of elbow dysplasia. Images property of the British Veterinary Association Elbow Dysplasia Scheme, to whom we are grateful for permission to reproduce them here. Return to top 2. Intensity of welfare impact HCO causes pain and disability associated with osteoarthritis. This can vary from mild to severe. Welfare may also be affected as a result of the veterinary investigations from visits to veterinary practices, examinations, anaesthetics and surgery and treatments of the disease for example: the side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs — examples of which include aspirin and ibuprofen - on the gastrointestinal tract. Return to top 3. Duration of welfare impact The mild to severe pain and disability that result from the osteoarthritis seen in this disease can be expected to start during the first few months of life and, without successful treatment, to continue for life. Treatment may help. Return to top 4. From data on estimates of total dog population in the UK and on the percentage of all micro-chip registered dogs that are German Shepherd dogs Lucy Asher, , personal communication , we estimate that the UK population size of this breed may be around , million. It may be, therefore, that there are about 50 - 85, dogs with this form of elbow dysplasia in the UK. Return to top 5. Determining the type of elbow dysplasia, its extent and the degree of secondary osteoarthritis requires further diagnostic investigations. Exploratory surgery is used to find fragments of bone, this is both diagnostic and can be therapeutic. It has been suggested that the best combination of diagnostic tests is CT plus arthroscopy Moores et al .Return to top 6. The heritability of the disease in GSDs has been found to be around 0. This is the proportions of the disease considered to be due to genetic rather than environmental influences. There may also be genetic factors affecting the degree of osteoarthritis that develops in an individual, independent of the genetics of the initial cause of the disease Clements et al .A genetic link between the presence of ED and hip dysplasia has been found but the genes involved have not been determined Cachon et al .Return to top 7. How do you know if an animal is a carrier or likely to become affected? Affected dogs should not be used for breeding. Determining carriers - those which carry and may pass on the gene s but which do not show signs of the disease themselves - is not currently possible. Return to top 8. Methods and prospects for elimination of the problem A voluntary scheme for grading the elbows of dogs susceptible to elbow dysplasia all forms has been in operation in the UK since although it has been suggested that breeder uptake has been relatively low Sampson .It is recommended that animals are not bred before two years of age females and 18 months males. This is so that animals selected for breeding are old enough to have revealed signs of the disease. In this scheme, dogs are scored once when over one year old. Radiographs taken by a local veterinary surgeon are forwarded to veterinary radiologists on the scheme panel for assessment. Each elbow is graded , with zero meaning that no evidence of elbow dysplasia was seen. If the two elbows have different grades, then the higher of the two grades is the one used for the dog. The scheme recommends that dogs used for breeding should have grades of zero or one and that those with higher scores are not bred from. Like other complex, multi-gene diseases in which environmental factors also play a part, good progress in reducing the prevalence of HCO is likely to be aided by greater knowledge of the underlying genetics. Treating the different forms of ED as separate entities is also likely to be helpful Innes .One approach is to breed from dogs that have better a breeding value see below than average for the breed Sampson .This takes account of both the individual being evaluated and its relatives and compares its likely genetic health to the average for the breed Malm et al .This would also take other conditions with known genetic influences into account, and there are many of these in GSDs eg degenerative myelopathy and hip dysplasia. It has been found that ED is more likely to occur in animals with hip dysplasia and both conditions should be screened for and considered in breeding programmes Cachon et al .Out-breeding GSDs with dogs of breeds known to have a much lower prevalence of HCO and of elbow dysplasia ED in general may lead to fewer being born with a lifetime of painful joint problems before them. Return to top 9. References 1. Clinical and pathological effects Elbow dysplasia ED is a general term that encompasses five distinct anatomical problems that tend to result in malformation of the elbow joint, and that lead to early-onset osteoarthritis. Ununited anconeal process UAP is one of these problems, and is the main focus here, but some of the other four conditions outlined below are referred to in the descriptions below about how UAP may develop. These conditions are: Fragmented medial coronoid process FMCP : The medial coronoid process is a piece of bone that should form part of the top of the ulna and of the elbow joint. In FMCP this fails, during development, to connect to the ulna. Osteochondrosis dissecans OCD : In OCD an area of joint cartilage develops abnormally or becomes damaged leading to thickening, cracking and fragmentation of the cartilage. Elbow incongruity IC : Dogs with IC have malformed articular surfaces of the three bones that make up the elbow and because of this they do not fit together normally. It can affect the weight-bearing surfaces between the humerus and the radius and ulna and also the way in which the upper part of the ulna fits inside the lower end of the humerus Schwarz .Ununited medial epicondyle UME : This is an uncommon condition in which the medial epicondyle, a part of the humerus, fails to unite with the humerus during development. At their upper ends, the radius and part of the ulna form a flattened surface that bears the load imposed by the humerus. The anconeal process protruberance is normally part of the end of the ulna. Its main function is not weight bearing, rather it helps to stabilize the elbow joint, particularly when the leg is extended. The anconeal process articulates with the caudal towards the tail of the dog surface of the humerus the back of the elbow joint and when the leg is extended straightened it fits into a hole at the lower end of the humerus called the humeral fossa. Figure 1. The three bones of the elbow joint separated and in normal alignment. In a healthy canine elbow joint the ulna and radius form a flat surface for articulation with the humerus. Image property of Phil Witte, to whom we are grateful for permission to reproduce it here. Figure 2. A diagram of the upper end of the ulna illustrating the locations of the coronoid and anconeal processes. But in breeds with large body size it is normal for the anconeal process to start as a separate small bone at birth, which, during development, should fuse on to the ulna. This usually occurs by 20 weeks of age. In UAP this fails to happen. The cause of this is unclear but one possibility is that it is a consequence of the radius growing disproportionately longer than the ulna such that the elbow joint is malformed and the anconeal process experiences abnormal pressures that cause it to be pushed away from the ulna, thus preventing it from fusing uniting. UAP therefore only becomes apparent in dogs aged over 20 weeks Schwarz .Figure 3. In larger dog breeds, the anconeal process forms separately. It should fuse with the ulna during development. Dogs with UAP develop osteoarthritis degenerative joint disease of the elbow. In osteoarthritis there are progressive changes to the cartilage of the affected joint, varying amounts of inflammation and ongoing damage to other joint structures - the joint capsule, the synovial fluid of the joint and the surrounding bone. These changes are often present by months of age and lead to clinical signs later. Typical signs include: stiffness after rest, lameness which can be worse after exercise and reduced mobility of the joint, with the leg tending to be held twisted outwards abducted and suppinated. Such signs are indistinguishable from those shown in other forms of elbow dysplasia and imaging of the joint is usually needed to make a definitive diagnosis Schwarz .Figure 4a Figure 4b Figures 4a and 4b. Osteoarthritic changes to the shape and structure of the elbow joint. The shaded areas on figure 4a extended elbow and 4b flexed elbow represent the changes to bone and cartilage as a result of UAP and other forms of elbow dysplasia. We are grateful to the BVA for permission to reproduce them here. This male bias may be associated with the greater weight of males Hazelwinkel .Affected dogs may be treated with rest and pain-killers, and often treatment needs to be lifelong. Various surgical procedures have been recommended but there is no clear consensus as to which is best. Return to top 2. Intensity of welfare impact UAP causes pain and disability associated with osteoarthritis. This can vary from mild to severe. Welfare may also be affected as a result of the veterinary investigations and treatments of the disease. Return to top 3. Duration of welfare impact The mild to severe pain and disability that result from the osteoarthritis seen in this disease can be expected to start during the first few months of life and, without successful treatment, to continue for life. Treatment may help but keeping affected dogs free from pain and avoiding disabilities is often challenging. Return to top 4. However, they suggested that this population of dogs may have already been prescreened to exclude dogs likely to be affected by UAP. From data on estimates of total dog population in the UK and on the percentage of all micro-chip registered dogs that are GSDs Lucy Asher , personal communication , we estimate that the UK population size of this breed may be around , Return to top 5. Diagnosis UAP can only be diagnosed in dogs older than about five months as it is normal for those breeds in which UAP occurs to have an ununited anconeal process prior to this Schwarz .Elbow disease and pain may be apparent. In cases of UAP it is more difficult to detect other concurrent forms of elbow disease Meyer-Lindenberg et al .Return to top 6. Genetics UAP is generally a disease of large dogs, as it is only in these that the anconeal process develops separately from the ulna. It is known that the father and mother contribute equally to the likelihood of the development of elbow dysplasia Maki et al .There are genetic influences both on the presence or absence of UAP and on whether, and to what degree, osteoarthritis occurs in an individual with UAP Clements et al .Return to top 7. How do you know if an animal is a carrier or likely to become affected? Affected dogs should not be used for breeding. Determining carriers - those which carry and may pass on the gene s but which do not show signs of the disease themselves - is not currently possible. Return to top 8. Methods and prospects for elimination of the problem A voluntary scheme to grade the elbows of dogs susceptible to elbow dysplasia all forms has been in operation in the UK since although it has been suggested that breeder uptake has been relatively low Sampson .In this scheme, the elbows are scored once when the dog is over one year old. Radiographs taken by a local veterinary surgeon are forwarded to veterinary radiologists on the scheme panel for assessment. Each elbow is graded , with zero meaning that no evidence of elbow dysplasia was seen. If the two elbows have different grades, the higher of the grades is the one used to characterise the dog. The scheme recommends that dogs used for breeding should have grades of zero or one and that those with higher scores should not be used for breeding. No evidence has yet been published as to whether this scheme has been effective in reducing the prevalence of elbow dysplasia in the GSD. A comparable scheme run in New Zealand since seems to have significantly reduced the severity of ED in GSDs being screened for the disease prior to breeding Worth et al and one run in Sweden since , appears to have reduced the prevalence of elbow dysplasia in Swedish Bernese Mountain dogs and Rottweilers Swenson et al , Malm et al .In common with other complex, multi-gene diseases that are influenced also by environmental factors, efforts to reduce the prevalence of UAP are complicated by the lack of information about the underlying genetics. One approach is to breed from dogs that have a better estimated breeding values EBV than average for the breed for this condition Sampson .The EBV is a numerical prediction of the relative genetic value of a particular dog in relation to one or more genetic problems and to degree of inbreeding. EBVs are calculated using all available information on the dog including pedigree, health status and physical characteristics. For this type of health programme to work many breeders and owners need to submit their animals for monitoring and analysis. EBVs are also useful because they enable selection against several hereditary diseases simultaneously and this is relevant in the case of the GSD which is predisposed to a number of hereditary disorders eg hip dysplasia, degenerative myelopathy, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, anal furunculosis. Out-breeding GSDs with breeds known to have much lower prevalences of UAP and elbow dysplasia ED is likely to result in fewer dogs being born with a lifetime of painful joint problems before them. Return to top 9.

The dog is loyal and protective of its owner. They can be aggressive towards other dogs, especially if the owner is present. They feel they must defend the owner from other dogs, and other people. Excellent with kids and the best protective family dogs. They are intelligent and easy to train. Both parents have excellent hips and elbows. Puppies are ready for their new homes. They have been vet checked, inoculated and dewormed. Breeding restrictions apply. More photos on our webpage: Marsabet. Phone Annette Van Rensburg Posted .The coat benefits from regular brushing. When choosing a puppy, ask to see the parents' Hip Dysplasia certificates as this condition could be hereditary. German Shepherds need a big garden for exercise, and enjoy long walks. Train the puppy to walk on a lead. Some dogs have a habit of "shepherding" their owners by circling round them constantly, and you don't want the lead wound round your legs! We can picture the GSD shepherding livestock, and protecting them against predators. This breed has been favoured by the Police as their alertness and high intelligence makes them suitable for police work like sniffing for drugs, and chasing and attacking criminals. Do train your puppy from an early age. The back slopes downwards towards the tail. The male German Shepherd Dog grows to 63 cm, and a female 58 cm at the shoulder. The colour is black and tan, or solid black. The breed is German Shepherd Dog, but during the 2nd World War in Britain they changed the name to Alsatian to avoid the problem about a dog being called after the Nazi regime. After the war the name tended to stick hence many to this day still call them Alsatians. Or Alsations, to mis-spell it! White shepherds are called " White Swiss Shepherd Dogs. A German shepherd will guard us from bodily harm, but who will guard our inmost thoughts and hearts? Philippians chapter 4, verse 7. We are a charitable organisation dedicated to the rescue, rehabilitation and rehoming of German Shepherds and to the support and education of German Shepherd owners and the public about this special breed. Email admin gsdrescuesa. The ACNC regulates the charity sector in Australia by collecting information and publishing the annual information statements and financial reports of registered charities, as well as providing education, guidance and advice to ensure charities are meeting and complying with obligations. Find out more about our status as a Registered Charity here. About us We are a team of volunteers from all walks of life united by our passion for German Shepherds. In the past we have volunteered for other rescue organisations, to whom we owe a debt of gratitude for teaching us so much about this stunning breed and about how to give chances to those who have had none. We humans prefer to stay out of the spotlight but we believe our dogs deserve to shine! Our own dogs are examples of what love, understanding and experience can bring to German Shepherds who may not have known much love in the past. While for some of our rescue dogs our support means helping them to overcome their fears, anxieties and pasts, for each and every one it is about finding them the perfect forever family. Why do German Shepherds need a rescue? This is a question we often get asked, and the answer has everything to do with the needs of our special breed. German Shepherds are sensitive, responsive dogs bred to work. They have above average energy and intelligence and need a family who can meet their need for physical and intellectual challenge. For one reason or another, these dogs can find themselves in need of a new home and we are here to help. Where do our dogs come from? The beautiful dogs come into our rescue from different backgrounds. Some may be dearly loved family pets, whose owners have found themselves in such difficult circumstances that they are no longer able to give them the care they need. However, other dogs will need significant medical and behavioural rehabilitation to give them the life they deserve. Contact Us. What Price are Pedigree Papers? What questions should I ask the Breeder? Are you listed with the German Shepherd Dog Club? Are the parents x-rayed for Hip Dysplasia and Elbow Dysplasia? What are their scores and could you view their documents? Are the parents Breed Surveyed? Can I view their Breed Survey? What is Main Register? Australian National Kennel Council Main Register is a pedigree Blue in Colour for pedigree animals which can be exhibited in the conformation ring, trialling ring and bred with. What is Limited Register? Australian National Kennel Council Limited Register is a pedigree Orange in Colour for pedigree animals which can be exhibited in the Trial ring, they cannot be shown or bred with. They can be transferred to the Main Register with the Breeders authorisation. What is a Contract? Contracts are an agreement between two 2 parties, the Breeder and the purchaser of the animal. Prior to signing any contract you should read it carefully and fully understand ALL of the conditions involved in the contract. If you are unsure of any condition in the contract ask for an explanation. Note: Not all breeders tie up animals on contracts What information and assistance will I receive with my pup? Is there feeding information? Is there information on training or suitable Club to receive training? Are there any guarantees with the pup? Kennel Name:.

Knowing all of these changes that your puppy is going through will help make waiting to bring them home just a little easier. Puppies are born nearly helpless: neurologically immature, blind, and deaf. They depend on their mama for everything. They were born covered in fur. They cannot regulate their own body temperature and therefore need their mama to keep warm. At birth their eyes and ears are closed, so they cannot see or hear. Only their front feet are strong, allowing them to pull themself towards mama. They spend most of their time sleeping or suckling. All of their sleeping is helping them to grow very quickly. By ten days old, they will double their birth weight! One eye may open before the other. By the end of week 2, the breeder will begin to handle Puppy more and get them used to human contact which has been shown to also help speed up neurological development. The breeder will also deworm them for the first time. They can stand and sit up. They can wag their tail. They will be able to better regulate their body temperature. By the end of this period, Puppy will cut all their milk teeth. The front teeth, canines, and incisors will be the first to appear. Your newborn puppy will start experimenting with making dog sounds and may even start to bark. Week 4 They will have become really active and strong on their legs. They can see very well now. By the end of this period, Puppy should be able to go potty independently and will use their new strong legs to move away from the sleeping area to go potty. They will start cutting their back teeth. They may start trying to climb out of the whelping box. The breeder will deworm them for the second time. Your newborn puppy will require mama to lick their anogenital region to stimulate peeing and pooping. Weeks Puppy will start learning some simple social skills, including tail wagging, growling, and pawing as they play and play-fight with their siblings. Your Doodle puppy will also learn coordination and the ranking process. They may start nipping to relieve discomfort from teething. Interactions with mama and siblings teach bite inhibition. They will learn appropriate submissive and attention-soliciting and attention-receptive behavior. Your not so newborn puppy will start to show signs of distress when separated from their siblings or if they wander too far away from the litter nest. They will gain confidence and learn appropriate social behavior with other dogs. They will grow in independence gradually as they pass through the key puppy development stages. Dood also begins to develop and show their personality. If you want to start preparing for bringing your not so newborn puppy home, check out our Doodle Puppy Checklist! More Doodle Puppy Development Guides. These are the typical week-by-week Goldendoodles stages that you will go through with a new Goldendoodle puppy and what signs to look for that they are not developing correctly. Predicting average weights in Goldendoodles is challenging. The parent breeds are the strongest predictor of size, but hybrids can be unpredictable. Standard poodles and Golden Retrievers are both large dog breeds. However, a toy poodle or mini poodles can be bred to larger breeds like Golden Retrievers to produce a much smaller dog, like a toy Goldendoodle or even teacup Goldendoodles. Dogs with long lines registered with the Goldendoodle Association may have more predictable traits, but not as much as an AKC purebred dog. These puppies are born blind, deaf, and without teeth. These first weeks are a very critical time in their development. Your puppy will start to open their eyes at about 2 weeks of age. By the time that they are 3 weeks, their ears will be open, and you will start to notice that their teeth are pushing through their gums. At the end of this first stage, your Goldendoodle puppy will be aware of their surroundings. They will start to bark, crawl, and interact with the other puppies in their litter. At the end of this first puppy stage, they are aware of everything that is around them and are trying to crawl, bark, and interact with their littermates. During this time, they will continue to grow in size rapidly. Most importantly, they start to get more socially active with their mom, littermates, and the people in their lives. Your puppy will start to learn many new things during this stage of puppy development. Their mother will begin to teach them a few basic manners and start the weaning process. They will learn how to play with other puppies and what other puppies will tolerate. This is when they will learn how strong of a bite they have and what is okay for playing. They will usually establish a pecking order within the litter of puppies. This is the main reason why most breeders do not recommend taking the puppies from their litter and mother until they are about 7 to 8 weeks old. By 6 to 7 weeks of age, your Goldendoodle puppy will be able to be left alone for a short period of time. They will also be doing normal puppy behaviors such as eating puppy food , walking, running, and wagging their tail. This is also the time that your Goldendoodle puppy will need their first set of vaccines and dewormed. Most breeders will take their puppies to the vet for these vaccines. This way, they know that their puppies have received the vaccines that they need to get started off on the right track. Stage 3: 7 weeks to 12 Weeks After 7 weeks of age, your puppy is old enough to leave their mother and other littermates and go to their new home. This will probably be around the age when your first get your Goldendoodle. At first, try to keep everything just like the breeder had been. This helps keep your puppy on a normal routine while they are adjusting to their new house. Once your puppy has been at your house for a few days, you can slowly switch things if you want. You may already have a diet you want your puppy to eat. Also, make sure that your dog is eating large-breed puppy food. This will make sure that your Goldendoodle puppy is receiving the best nutrition needed for their fast-growing body. If you do plan on switching diets, make sure that you do this slowly; quickly changing diets can cause GI problems in your new puppy. At this age, your puppy will be ready to start learning everything and experiencing everything you are ready to teach them. They learn very fast at this age, so it is important to make sure that you are teaching them correctly. Your puppy can learn basic commands and manners by going to puppy classes. This will also give them socialization with other puppies and people during this stage. Having many different social encounters will help them become a very well-mannered dog. During this time, your Goldendoodle puppy may show signs of fear. This is a normal experience for a puppy to go through. They may be afraid of certain people, places, or things that they have never been afraid of. During this time, it is important to continue to socialize your Goldendoodle puppy and show them that these things are not as scary as they first thought they were. Make sure not to expose them to a lot of simulations at once, as these can cause them to become more afraid. Stage 4: 3 months to 4 months This is the stage of development when your Goldendoodle puppy will start to become independent. They may even start to challenge you or even ignore you. This is very similar to the terrible twos in people. Your Goldendoodle puppy will also start teething around this time. They will have very painful gums, which will cause them to want to bite and chew on anything possible. Make sure that you are providing your puppy with plenty of approved chewing toys in order to keep your shoes and furniture from becoming the next chew object. During this stage, you may find that you are telling your puppy no a lot. All this training will eventually pay off, and your puppy will be very well-mannered and do what you tell them to. Most of the time, your Goldendoodle puppy just wants to please you. All you must do is give them a little patience and love, and they will quickly learn what is expected of them. By starting obedience classes during this time, you will help your puppy become a friendly and well-behaved adult Goldendoodle. Stage 5: 4 months to 10 months During this time, your Goldendoodle puppy will continue to grow and develop very quickly. It is very important to continue teaching and training your Goldendoodle puppy. They will learn how to adapt to different social situations and what behavior is approved and what is not approved during this time. They will also continue to challenge you, so be prepared to stick to your training and not back off. During this time, your Goldendoodle may act a little bratty. There are going through their teenage years during this time. Also, during this time, do not let your dog play-bite with you, as this can teach them to be aggressive and encourage other dominant behaviors Around 6 months of age, it is advised to spay or neuter your Goldendoodle puppy. These procedures will help your puppy stay healthy and happy as well as prevent unwanted litters that end up in the shelter. Stage 6: 10 months to 1 Year During this stage, small Goldendoodles will reach their full size. They will usually reach maturity around 8 to 12 months of age. Larger Goldendoodles will continue to grow during this time and may not fully develop until they are 18 months to 2 years old. Your Goldendoodle puppy may now look like an adult dog; they usually are still developing mentally. They will have a ton of energy and usually not a lot of common sense. You will still need to monitor your Goldendoodle for any unwanted behavior and quickly correct any problems that you notice starting. Even though they are no longer a puppy, they will still need to continue training and learning commands. At this stage, your Goldendoodle will need lots of attention and exercise to keep them for getting into trouble. Always use a very firm voice and positive reinforcement when training and correcting unwanted behavior. It is best to have a loving and patient but firm voice when training your Goldendoodle Stage 7: 1 year and Older Between 1 and 2 years of age, your Goldendoodle will be fully developed and sexually mature. Your puppy will finally stop growing but may fill out in size just a little. At this point, you can now start exercising more with your Goldendoodle. They love to go for a jog, do agility training, or go for a long hike. Since their bones are now fully developed, there is less likely that they are going to have joint or stress injuries. This is also the best time to switch your puppy from puppy food to adult food. It is always best to stay with the same brand of puppy food that you fed to help decrease any GI signs from switching food. When switching food, it is recommended to switch food slowly. Also, make sure that the diet that you are feeding your Goldendoodle puppy is a high-quality diet. When will my Goldendoodle puppy need to be vaccinated? This is a common schedule most veterinarians follow when vaccinating puppies. This is usually done by the breeder before you get your Goldendoodle puppy. Most of these worms are microscopic, but some you can see in their stool. If you see worms, make sure to let your vet know. Your vet can give your Goldendoodle puppy medication to get rid of these nasty worms. Not only will your pet need vaccines, but they will also need heartworm, flea, and tick prevention. All of these parasites can cause health problems in your Goldendoodle, some of which can be fatal. If you notice something is not right in your Goldendoodle puppy, it is best to take them to the vet. Some very young Goldendoodle puppies can have problems regulating their blood sugar. If you notice that your Goldendoodle puppy has diarrhea, this can be from the stress of going to a new house, parasites, or even parvo. Any problems noticed in your puppy could be very serious, your vet can examine your pet and make sure that there is nothing that is wrong with your puppy. It would be better to be safe than sorry if your pet has something very serious going on. Both parvo and parasites can easily be prevented by sticking to the vaccine schedule and making sure that your puppy is properly dewormed. How big will my Goldendoodle puppy be? It can be hard to tell as puppies which one will be the biggest or which one will be the smallest. Usually, from the time that they are born until the day that you pick up your new puppy, all the puppies in the litter will change in size. At 8 weeks old, the smallest in the litter will usually be the smallest when they are all fully grown. The older your puppy gets, the easier it will be to determine if your puppy will be bigger or smaller. The exact adult weight can be a guess, but you can expect a miniature Goldendoodle to weigh about 4 to 9 pounds at 8 weeks old and a standard Goldendoodle to weigh over 9 pounds at 8 weeks old, and a medium-size Goldendoodle to fall between the 8 to pound range. Most dogs do most of their growing in the first 6 months of life. Smaller and miniature Goldendoodles will be half-grown at 4 months of age, with larger Goldendoodles taking a few months longer to reach this half-grown point. The larger the dog, the longer it will take them to reach adult size. When will my Goldendoodle Puppy stop growing? It may seem as if your Goldendoodle is getting bigger each day. Most Goldendoodle will be done growing by 1 to 2 years of age. They will usually reach their maximum height by 1 year of age and just fill out a little bit in the next year. Miniature Goldendoodle will be done growing by 7 to 10 months. The smaller the dog, the quicker they reach their adult body weight. Standard Goldendoodle should reach their full size by 2 years of age. After your Goldendoodle reaches 1 year of age, you need to monitor what you are feeding them. Lexie, 5-year-old fully grown F2 Mini Goldendoodle. Adult Stage Since your puppy is now over a year old, they are not growing, but there are some things that you need to consider as they start to get older. Goldendoodles that have just matured are usually very active. As your Goldendoodle gets older, they will start to slow down and sleep a little more. There are diseases that you need to look out for as your Goldendoodle gets older. If you notice any of these signs in your Goldendoodle, you need to see a veterinarian. On day three we start doing early neurological stimulation once a day with each puppy. This takes about 30 seconds of puppy. We also let each puppy sniff a new non-meat scent each day I. At that 3-day mark, I also start allowing my kids hold the puppies on their laps as long as the mom is comfortable with it which ours always have been. Early Neurological Stimulation ENS Also known as bio sensor and the super dog program, early neurological stimulation is a widespread exercise done with neonatal puppies. ENS should only be done on days when the litter has not undergone any other stresses. The exercises are quick and simple. All you need is a chilled rag, a q-tip, and about one minute of time set aside for each per puppy. Note: ENS is an excellent exercise, but it does NOT replace enrichment during the transitional and socialization periods. Find a new item to introduce each day from days .Check your fridge for fruits and veggies and collect bits of nature like pine cones, leaves, and dirt from your backyard. Week Two Health Care Worming Even though mama dogs are on regular parasite prevention, intestinal parasites can still be an issue. You may choose to take puppy stool samples to the vet to check for worms and treat if needed. Talk to your veterinarian about worm prevalence in your area of the country. Worms are more likely in warmer, wetter areas of the country whereas deworming may seldom be necessary in dryer areas. Both roundworms and hookworms can infect humans. We typically worm our puppies with Nemex 2 wormer Pyrantel Pamoate to treat intestinal parasites that puppies are born with. Nemex recommends treating puppies at 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age. Puppies love dewormer and swallow it willingly. Whenever puppies receive dewormer, I simultaneously worm mom. Initially I worm her with Nemex, but at the 6 week worming, I give her the normal heart worm preventative in lieu of Nemex. Some breeders use a stronger version of Pyrental. Others worm with Safe-Guard Fenbendazole , which is a goat wormer. Revival Animal Health offers several types of puppy dewormers. Plus nail trimming is going to be a regular activity throughout their lives, so we want to introduce them to it at an early age. We use a soft human baby brush to brush pups. Puppies start being big enough for breakaway collars between weeks. Living Quarters Puppies remain in the whelping box until they start climbing out of it. We continue using washable incontinence pads to line the bottom of the whelping box and add in a small bed with a bumper. I also share a puppy tip each week. You can scroll through a blog post of one of our litters for some ideas. I also share pictures occasionally on Instagram and short video clips of puppy twitches in my Instagram story. I repeatedly have families tell me how much they enjoy the Instagram videos. Since Instagram story videos are only viewable for 24 hours, it takes the pressure off needing to capture a high quality video clip. Continue breathing on their little faces and brush them with a soft brush. We also handle the puppies regularly. Lots of petting, lots of kisses, and lots of snuggling assuming mama is okay with it. Once those eyes start opening, we put one object in the pen each day. Eyes open slowly over a few days and are sensitive to light initially, so avoid bright lights. Disclaimer: this information is not intended as veterinarian advice. Please consult a licensed practicing veterinarian experienced in reproduction. Share this:. Most of them have opened their eyes and they are beginning to attempt to walk, which is really adorable to watch. Photographing puppies is much harder than I would have thought, but here is my attempt to update you on their progress. The puppies below are pictured in the order of their birth. We still have two females who need loving homes and I am praying for those homes every day. This has been very good for me. I have been able to rest from the crazy pace of my life and just sit with these precious babies. No place to be but here, and I love that. If you are interested in pink or red collar girl, email me maryannemorgan mac. He was very sleepy and declined comment, but I think he loves his new name. He is named after Dale Murphy of the Braves. He is a very lucky boy. I love his little whiskers and bright eyes. He is the sweetest boy. He also preferred sleep over a portrait session. Sleepy Curtis Teddy Mr. I think it suits him. He looks like a little teddy bear to me. What a cuddle bug he is! Adventurous Sweet Pink Pink collared girl is still waiting for her happy family. I know someone will scoop her up any day now. She is going to be a beautiful girl. I know she will have a lot of love around her. Sleepy London Sweet Red Red collared girl is also still available. Johnny and I love this girl. She is his favorite. She is soft and sweet and snuggly. She is also independent and often sleeps apart from the group. I love her two white back feet. Cuddly Red If you are interested in pink or red collared girl, email me at maryannemorgan mac. Echo continues to be an amazing mama taking wonderful care of her babies!! We have had another busy week and the puppies have made so much progress. We have fallen into a daily routine. In addition to this, we continue the ENS exercises and weigh-in for each puppy. The puppies are moving faster and when Echo returns to the whelping box the puppies scurry around ready for another meal. Weight-in We continue to weigh the puppies daily and keep a record of their progress Double BirthWeight Milestone Echo had done an amazing job feeding her puppies. All our puppies have been gaining weight daily. Puppies should double their birth weight between 7 — 10 days. The first puppy doubled her birth weight on day 7 and the rest followed over the next few days. All our puppies have doubled their birthweight and continue to grow with each passing day. As you know, the Goldendoodle breed is an intentional mix of Poodle and Golden Retriever. We have a few smaller puppies in this litter. The below picture shows the comparison of our largest puppy and our smallest puppy. At first Echo was constantly in the whelping box and puppies just cycled through taking their turn eating without any intervention on my part. Now that Echo spends time away from her whelping box when she returns, all the puppies want to eat. Their vision will continue to improve over the next weeks. By doing just the right things at just the right time, we can give your puppy the best start possible. These timelines are simply guidelines. Daily cuddles Puppy socialization starts at birth. We handle our puppies as soon as their mamas feel comfortable and give them all daily cuddles. My grandchildren are great helpers with this. I love to share this learning experience with them; teaching them to love and respect animals and to be gentle. Puppies will practice walking on all fours, strengthening their hind legs Puppies will become more aware and start to interact with their litter-mates Puppies will start to vocalize Share this:.

More than twice as many Labs were registered than any other breed making it a likely leader for many years to come. In a recent article, a licensed professional counselor for more than twenty-five years, explained how owning a Lab can help produce healthier, happier, more well adjusted children. Here is an excerpt from her article: Regular dog-walking increases social interaction for children—especially those who have just moved to a neighborhood and are feeling homesick for their former home. A child who might not want to go out into the neighborhood alone, feels that he or she has a purpose in walking the dog, and therefore can face unfamiliar faces or places more easily than when alone. Walking the dog could be the perfect way for a shy or awkward adolescent to meet new friends in the neighborhood. Be sure to read the rest of her seven part article, Ten Reasons to Own a Dog. At Twin Lakes Kennel, we have been breeding and training world class Labrador retrievers for more than thirty-five years. Our second-to-none Puppy Guarantee makes buying a pure-bred Labrador retriever one of the wisest decisions you will ever make. Read the personal testimonials from prominent Lab owners from around the country. And visit our Puppy Page or call Woody or Judi for up-to-date puppy information at .Did you know… Morgantown is closely tied to the Anglo-French struggle for this territory. Until the Treaty of Paris in , what is now known as Morgantown was greatly contested among settlers and Native Americans, as well as the British and the French. The treaty decided the issue in favor of the British, but Indian fighting continued almost to the beginning of the American Revolution. Zackquill Morgan settled the area about by establishing a homestead near present-day Fayette Street and University Avenue. On February 3, , the Virginia General Assembly enacted a municipal charter incorporating the city, now with a population of about , as Morgantown, Virginia. Our Latest Happy Clients! Become A Happy Client! They have been in the business for 25 years and strive to ensure that their dogs not only can be the best companions but can also assist in hunting. Keepsake Labs aims to breed healthy labradors that are capable of living a long life full of love and happiness. They offer high-quality purebred labradors for sale and provide puppy care services as well. With their extensive experience in the breeding world, they have created a strong reputation for themselves. One of the largest breeders in the US, Morgan Labradors is known for its commitment to customer service and providing high-quality puppies. They aim to breed English Labradors that are show champions and can compete in conformation, obedience, field, and other aspects of canine assistance. Morgan Labradors follow a stringent screening process for all queries they receive. They also provide adequate education on raising Labradors and offer ongoing support for any queries a new owner may have. They are a family-owned business that began its journey in with their first pup, Sampson. Since then, they have expanded to producing one to two litters annually, offering all three AKC-recognized Labrador colors. Brookeridge Labradors breed puppies with good temperaments. Their pups are tested for genetic disorders and undergo testing eyes through CERF, hip, and elbow conformation. Their hearts get tested using color echograms as well. They strive to produce healthy, intelligent, strong, and athletic dogs with great personalities. They raise dogs with impeccable temperaments and health. Whispering Pines Farm also follows ethical breeding practices and provides personalized care. The happiness my Labradors experience everyday is worth every investment into the training. She assessed the situation immediately and began the process.She assessed the situation immediately and began the process of training both Specks and Alec to work together. For anyone interested in a high quality pure bred Labrador Retriever, this is the only breeder I would trust! My German.My German Shepherd, Cairo, is the perfect gentleman and is well-behaved. He is complimented everywhere we go. You can tell that Sandy loves dogs and they love her. Dan Hopkins T Dan Hopkins My biggest concern going into training was if we would hit it off with you and we absolutely enjoyed working with you and we look forward to more training in the future. As a testimonial goes, three speaks volumes to my commitment to Red Barn Ranch and Labradors as well as Sandy's commitment to me. Yes, the breeder's commitment to the client; it is a relationship, not a transaction when buying one or three of these puppies. The beginning of my story is similar to many - after the passing of my first Labrador, I grieved. When my heart and mind were ready, I began to research the purchase of my next black Labrador. I met and talked with a couple of breeders, none fitting what I wanted, none making the connection. One breeder kindly recommended I pay a visit to Sandy Stokes in Charles Town, WV; she just happened to have black Labrador puppies soon to be ready for their new homes. The day I made the trip I was not ready to welcome a puppy into my life; however, God and Puppy 3 had a different plan! When the gate opened, Gracie, along with her eleven puppies made their way out; it was Puppy 3 along with the special meeting with the Stokes that changed my mind, my heart and my life - forever! For Sandy Stokes the Red Barn Ranch and Labradors breeding is not a part-time or side job operation; it is who she is and what she does - full time, everyday! Sandy has been there to help me and other owners with training

For the complete list please Click Here. This number can vary depending on the breeder and where you purchase your new puppy from. This will guarantee that the puppy is purebred, healthy, and up-to-date on its vaccinations. The health of any breed is largely dependent upon its breeding practices, so this becomes even more important with purebred dogs such as boxers who are prone to hereditary diseases. Be aware that the vast majority of the pet stores have their puppies supplied by unscrupulous breeders. The best place to find reputable boxer breeders will be through the local boxer breed clubs, they will be able to put you in touch with responsible breeders who are aware of the health issues specific to this breed. Above all, take your time. Do not ever, rush into any decision when purchasing a new family member. If you do so, then chances are that it may turn out to be one of the biggest mistakes of your life. Visit Your Arizona Boxer Breeder in Person Every responsible breeder will insist on you visiting them in person before buying a puppy. The breeder should be happy to offer you references from previous purchasers, as well as conducting an interview with yourself the potential new owner. Questions to Ask Ask for References from Your Boxer Breeder in Arizona Most responsible breeders will have no problem in offering you references from people that they have sold puppies to previously, even better if they can provide more than just one. Other than asking for references from previous buyers, always ask the breeder what type of after-care is provided. Reputable breeders will also offer at least a 6-month health guarantee with their puppies; this means that they will either fix or replace your boxer puppy at no cost to yourself if it falls ill within this time frame. This way you can be assured that you are purchasing a healthy boxer pup, free of known genetic issues. The most reputable boxer breeders will have no issues in allowing their clients to meet one another. Find out whether the breeder uses a good vet. If they do, then they will be more than willing to give you contact information for their veterinarian, as well as provide you with a recommendation. It is unfortunate but true that puppy mills do exist and finding one can be extremely difficult as most will go out of their way to make it appear as if they are running a legitimate business. Healthy boxer pups grow into healthy boxers, so quality over quantity should always be the goal. This is not a sign of distrust but rather one of concern for both you and your new boxer pup. A good breeder will ask you what type of contract you would like before selling a puppy to you. By asking this question you can ensure that your boxer pup has never had ANY health problems such as Parvo or other issues that may become apparent in later life such as heart disease. How to Prepare Your Home for Your Boxer Puppy The age at which your new boxer pup is received will often determine how much preparation you need to do. While it may seem like a daunting task, if done properly it can be achieved within just a week or two of arriving home — providing that everyone in the household understands what is expected and are prepared for this new addition. Boxers are very intelligent dogs which means that, with patience on your part, they will soon learn exactly where they are supposed to go. I love animals and love helping people adopt a pet. It all started when attending Missouri State University and I began volunteering at an animal shelter. Boxer Description The Boxer has a compact and powerful body. Their head is proportionate with the body and has a short muzzle with an underbite. The tail is set high and typically docked. Their coat is short, smooth, and comes in multiple colors including fawn, tan, brindle, mahogany, and black and often with white markings. Boxers also come in a white coat, but some clubs will not register them. Discover more about our Boxer puppies for sale below and see why they are one of the most popular breeds in the U. Disposition and Temperament Boxers are happy, playful, curious, and energetic. So much so that many remain extremely fit and athletic into their old age. They are very intelligent, eager, quick to learn and known to be a good breed for competitive obedience. Boxers bond closely with their family and are loyal and affectionate. In fact, they are known to get along well with children. A properly socialized Boxer will get along with dogs and other household pets, such as cats, but small animals such as rodents or birds may be too tempting. Being energetic and playful, the Boxer can become boisterous and jump on people without proper training and leadership. Boxers need to go on a daily walk and get daily mental and physical exercise. Without it, they can become stressed out. You should start training your Boxer while it is a puppy: Boxers do best with dominant owners who can be firm, consistent and committed. You need to establish yourself as the leader of the pack with this dog breed. Owners who do not establish dominance often find their dogs to be stubborn or demanding which can hamper the owner-pet relationship. Living Conditions As for living arrangements, they can be fine in an apartment if sufficiently exercised even though they are active indoors, but Boxers really do best with an average-sized yard. They are also temperature sensitive, overheating easily and chilling quickly. Boxers have a natural tendency to protect their owners and home, and although visitors who the dog recognizes are not seen as a threat, will protect their owners if they sense danger. Boxers are courageous which makes them great watchdogs and will even restrain intruders. It is important to know Boxer puppies require human leadership and need to be taught not to be boisterous or jump up on people. It requires very little grooming. Brush it with a rubber curry brush once or twice a week to keep it looking good. The Boxer tends to be a clean breed only occasionally needing a bath. Origin The name Boxer is thought to come from the way they use their front paws for just about everything; pawing at its food bowls, toys, and even its owner in a playful way. The Boxer was developed in Germany in the 19th century and its ancestors were two German mastiff-type breeds. They were later bred with the ancestors of the Mastiff and Bulldog. Boxers were first used for dog-fighting, bull-baiting, cart pulling, cattle dogs, rounding up livestock, and to catch and pin wild boar and bison until hunters could arrive. Later they became popular theater and circus dogs. There are two types of Boxers: the German and the American Boxer. German Boxers have bigger heads and are generally more muscular than American Boxers. See store for details on a puppy. The American Canine Association, Inc. The American Canine Registry. Questions about Boxer puppies for sale in Phoenix AZ? We have answers. How much are Boxer puppies for sale in Phoenix AZ? These inputs can include things like where the breeder is located, the sex and color of the puppy, and even how much experience the breeder or business has. Will my puppy be from Phoenix Boxer breeders? How are Boxer breeders Phoenix screened? We take screening for breeders and businesses who want to be part of our network very seriously and hold them to the high standards that are outlined within our Breeder Pledge. We only want to work with the upper echelon when it comes to standards of animal welfare and ethical practices for Boxer puppies for sale Phoenix. How is Uptown Puppies different? We help you focus on the fun part of choosing your new Phoenix Boxer puppy for sale from a wide selection, all while taking care of all of the screening and vetting process beforehand. Puppy mills are unfortunate organizations whose mission is to pump out as many puppies as possible to make as much money as possible, all while mistreating the vulnerable animals in their care. Puppies from these places can often have expensive vet bills down the road due to neglect and poor breeding practices. Are there Boxers for sale Phoenix I can get right away? You can start searching our online network of breeders and businesses for Boxer for sale Phoenix immediately! Go ahead and start scrolling through those cute faces today! Boxers are a well established breed and have ancestors that can be traced all the way back to ancient civilizations in B. In their modern form, they were bred in Germany as guard dogs and hunting dogs. They were eventually brought over to the U. What should I expect after I get a Boxer? You can expect lots of adventures and laughs when you choose to get a Boxer puppy. They are one of the silliest and most playful breeds around and have an endless supply of antics to keep you entertained. They are also well rounded and have the intelligence and affection to go with their playful personalities. Are Boxers good family dogs? Boxers for sale in Phoenix make great family dogs because they always have the energy to keep up with an active family and love to play. They get along with adults and children alike and have a protective nature and desire to keep the whole family safe. How big do Boxers get? Boxers are a medium to large sized dog breed and once those cute little Boxer puppies in Phoenix grow into adulthood you can expect them to be anywhere from inches tall on average and weigh anywhere from pounds. Usually males are slightly taller and weigh on the higher side than females.

We may receive commissions from purchases made via our links. As your dog grows and develops its own personality, you may begin to think about breeding them. It is well known that breeding a female dog before they are mature can cause health issues, but what about a male. What is the right breeding age for male and female Golden Retrievers? A male Golden Retriever can mate after just 12 months. Female Goldens are more complicated; you should wait until after their third heat cycle before breeding, which usually occurs around 18 to 24 months of age. It's best to wait two years before breeding a female to ensure they are fully developed. Before breeding a Golden Retriever, it is essential to understand what heat cycles are, the importance of the third cycle, and physical development. If your female Golden Retriever is bred too young, you should know how to make sure she is healthy and ready to conceive. Males A male Golden Retriever can reproduce after six months of age and gains full sexual maturity at 12 to 15 months. Males can mate at any point in time since they don't follow hormonal cycles. If the male maintains his health, he may stay fertile and sexually active into old age. Breeding males is a pretty simple concept. But, unfortunately, several other factors need to be considered when breeding a female. Females Like males, female Golden Retrievers become fertile around six months of age during their first heat cycle. This cycle repeats every six months but we'll get to that later! Female Golden Retrievers should never be bred during their first heat cycle. Dogs are not fully developed at this point in their lives. If a female becomes pregnant this early in her life, it can cause stress during pregnancy and pose more health risks as her body develops. Even though she may be fertile, she isn't physically or mentally mature. Young females that are bred during their first heat cycle are at an increased risk of becoming pregnant and developing health complications. Since Golden Retrievers are classified as a large breed, they physically mature around 18 to 24 months. Since we don't want to breed a female before they reach maturity, you should not breed a female Golden Retriever until after her third heat cycle and she reaches two years of age. Understanding Female Heat Cycles No one wants a surprise puppy litter or a bunch of failed breeding attempts. So, understanding the heat cycle of your female Golden Retriever is essential to create your desired outcome. A female's heat is her body's way of preparing for potential conception. In other words: your dog's reproductive cycle. There is not a definite number but Golden Retrievers usually stay in heat for around three to four weeks. However, your dog is fertile for about nine days. A Golden Retriever's most fertile period is days into the heat cycle. However, the highest fertility period lasts about five days, so you should try to breed two Retrievers between the 10th and 14th day of the female's heat cycle. Stages of the Female Heat Cycle Proestrus: the female is preparing for pregnancy. Intact males will become attracted to her, but she will not allow breeding. This stage typically lasts nine days. You'll see signs such as a swollen vulva and bloody vaginal discharge. Estrus: The ovaries release an egg at the beginning of this stage. As the estrogen levels in your dog's body decrease, her progesterone levels will increase. This means your female is fertile. She is ready and willing to mate. This stage also lasts about nine days. Diestrus: This stage will last about two to three months or until the female Golden Retriever gives birth provided she's pregnant. She will no longer allow males to mate. A bloody discharge may continue but will gradually stop. By the end of this stage, the hormone will level out. Anestrus: This is the final stage of your dog's cycle. She is not fertile and will not allow breeding during this stage. Most female Golden Retrievers go into heat twice a year, though some larger dogs may only menstruate once a year. The ovarian activity of a female starts to decline in the sixth year of her life. Most females stop conceiving after they're seven, so the female Golden Retriever breeding age is from two to five years of age. We know that we should wait until the end of the third heat cycle of a female Golden Retriever before breeding. But what happens if a Golden Retriever gets pregnant too early? You need to allow your Golden Retriever to fully mature physically. If your Golden Retriever gets pregnant before reaching maturity, it will put extra stress on her. The physical strain of carrying a belly full of puppies puts a burden on her growing joints. Pregnancy will also suck nutrients from your dog. Since the female Golden Retriever is young, her immune system isn't fully developed. This makes her more vulnerable to diseases and infections than a mature dog would be. Bacteria can infect her vaginal tract and cause stillbirths, miscarriages, and the death of newborn puppies. Your dog may even die while giving birth to the puppies. Since her pelvic canal may not be large enough for puppies to fit through, if this happens, it will endanger both the puppies' life and her own. In addition, if this happens, she will need surgery, which increases the chance of health complications. Since she is not mentally mature, she is more likely to reject the puppies than a mature mother. Motherhood is mentally and physically taxing on both dogs and humans! You can consult your veterinarian about terminating the pregnancy. Your veterinarian will perform a full risk and side effect evaluation on your Golden Retriever. During this evaluation, your vet will try to determine when the dog was bred so they can evaluate how far along she is. If you are not sure of the date of conception, they will most likely perform an ultrasound to measure the fetuses and determine their age. Once you have determined the stage of pregnancy there are two options in terminating the pregnancy. Desexing a pregnant female can be done up to five weeks after conception. Desexing is the process of removing the ovaries from your dog. She will not be able to have puppies after this procedure. Your dog will require significant aftercare following the procedure. Crate rest is crucial for the 10 days following the procedure. The incision wound will also need to be kept clean and dry to prevent infection. The second option of terminating a pregnancy is abortion. Pregnant dogs can have an abortion up to 45 days after conception. Your veterinarian will most likely use Alizin , which is injected in two doses, 24 hours apart. Before deciding to terminate a pregnancy you should consult with your veterinarian, you should never attempt to terminate a pregnancy at home. If you decide to allow the pregnancy, your dog will need extensive observation and monitoring as the pregnancy continues. It is important they are both physically and mentally healthy. They should have decent muscle tone and a balanced weight before breeding. Physical health isn't everything; good mental condition is also essential when breeding two Golden Retrievers. A mentally stable female will make a better mother than one that's insecure or has an unstable temperament. A month before breeding, the female should go through a pre-breeding physical examination by a vet. You want to get her checked for common health problems, like joint dysplasia and eye disorders. If she has these issues, pregnancy will be more difficult and she may pass the issues onto the puppies. Vaccinations for both parent Golden Retrievers should be current, and the female should be tested for parasites. DNA Post-Partum Care Caring for your dog after they give birth is just as important as caring for them while they were pregnant. You should keep your dog on a high-calorie diet, not only is she providing nutrients to her puppies, but she is also chasing them around and caring for them. Making sure your dog has a private space for her and her puppies is crucial in making sure she is able to care for them properly. Provide a clean, dry, peaceful area of the house for your dog. With too much traffic around her, your dog may become distracted and neglect her puppies in favor of you. If you are worried about your dog neglecting her puppies, a good way to monitor them is by weighing them. Should the puppies not gain weight appropriately, contact your veterinarian. You may want to constantly love on the new puppies, but you need to be cautious of how you do this. Give your dog time to adjust to the new responsibility she has, and allow her to come to you with the puppies. Around weeks, you should begin weaning the puppies from the mother. Weaning is done by slowly incorporating dog food into their diet and separating them from their mother for increasing periods of time. If you are considering having more liters of puppies from your dog, you should consult your veterinarian to make sure your dog can carry another litter safely. I recommend waiting at least one heat cycle after weaning before attempting to breed again. This will allow your dog to recover from the last pregnancy. Main Takeaways Male Golden Retrievers reach reproductive age after 12 to 15 months of age Female Golden Retrievers have their first heat cycle after six months of age. Females should not be bred until after their third heat cycle, which happens after 18 to 24 months of age. Mating will be most successful between the 10th and 14th day of the female Golden Retriever's heat cycle, as she is most fertile during this period If your Golden Retriever develops an unwanted pregnancy, there are options to terminating the pregnancy Conception before physical maturity can cause health problems Performing a pre-breeding health check ensures that the female Golden Retriever is healthy and ready to conceive Post-partum care is extremely important when trying to raise a successful litter. You should give your dog space to bond with her puppies Waiting at least one heat cycle before breeding again will help your dog recover from the previous pregnancy. Jan 20, Share Golden Retrievers are one of the most popular breeds of dogs in the United States. They are known for their loyal and friendly personalities, and many people choose them as their first dogs. Such a popular breed is always in demand, and more Golden Retriever puppies are born every day. However, there is some uncertainty about how many puppies Golden Retrievers typically have. Due to their size, larger dogs tend to have larger litters, while smaller dogs tend to have smaller litters. As a bigger dog breed, Goldens can have anywhere from one to twelve puppies per litter, but six to eight puppies are about average. Some litters may have as few as four. Read on below to find out more. Why the Size of the Dog Breed Affects Litter Size The different sizes of litter between breeds are due to the fact that larger breeds have more room in their uterus to grow puppies, while smaller breeds have less room. This is likely due, in part, to the fact that smaller dogs have a shorter gestational period and thus less time to mature a large number of offspring at a more rapid rate than larger dogs. This difference in litter size can be important for breeders, as they need to consider the size of the breed when planning how many puppies to produce. However, it is also worth noting that different breeds of dogs will exhibit different average litter sizes, even within the same size class. For example, the German Shorthaired Pointer is around the same size as a Golden Retriever, but has an average of nine pups per litter. The first litter of puppies for a female Golden Retriever is typically smaller in size than later litters. Additionally, since the first litter is typically born earlier than later litters, the puppies may not have as much time to grow and develop before being born. She should, however, have regular checkups with a veterinarian to ensure everything is going well. Despite Golden Retriever mothers being able to deliver many puppies, not every pup will survive birth. A dam may give birth to four puppies, but only two or three will survive. Pregnant dogs require high-quality vitamins, minerals, and premium proteins in addition to a healthy and balanced diet. Additives and fillers in dog food can lead to poor nutrition and ultimately affect litter size. In addition, diet plays an important role in the health and survival rate of puppies after birth. The chances of a Golden Retriever producing a small litter are higher if they are unhealthy. It is also possible that the puppies are born weak and have a lower chance of surviving. Age of Parents Female Golden Retrievers should not be bred too young or too old. Ideally, a female should be between the ages of 2 and 5 when she is first bred. It is also important to consider the age of the male. Once a male reaches the age of 5, their sperm count will decrease. Image Credit: Chendongshan, Shutterstock Lineage Overly inbred dogs are less likely to have large litters than dogs with a diverse gene pool. Ask your breeder about their parents and whether they have been tested for defects if you are looking for a puppy. Conception Method and Timing It may surprise you to learn that the way your Golden becomes impregnated may determine how many puppies she will have. Having a larger litter is more likely for Golden Retrievers that become pregnant naturally while conceiving artificially is more likely to lead to a smaller litter. This is because the freezing process kills many sperm cells in preserved semen, resulting in fewer pups. Dogs that conceive within 48 hours of ovulation have a higher chance of having a larger litter. These larger litters usually occur in the third, fourth, and fifth pregnancy. Puppy Mills Puppy mills are commercial breeding facilities that mass-produce puppies for sale to the public. In a puppy mill, the mother dog is often bred repeatedly until she no longer can bear puppies. There are many reasons why one should avoid buying a dog from a puppy mill. First and foremost, puppy mills are notorious for breeding unhealthy dogs. Dogs from puppy mills typically have a variety of genetic health problems, ranging from joint problems to heart disease. In addition, puppy mills often keep dogs in horrible conditions, with little or no veterinary care. Dogs in puppy mills may also be malnourished and abused. Conclusion In conclusion, Golden Retrievers have an average of eight puppies. However, a breeder or owner can mate their Goldie at the right time, exercise them, keep them healthy, and feed them high-quality food all year long, but ultimately they cannot control the litter size. Thanks for reading! Just as you condition and train a Golden Retriever athlete, preparing for pregnancy nutritionally and from a health standpoint is important. The nutritional demands of pregnancy and lactation are achieved by feeding a high-quality, complete and balanced dog food. When the mom reaches a point in the last trimester when she is eating a lot of food, she should already be well-adapted to that diet. Developing fetuses are sensitive to even small changes in nutrient levels. A high-quality, all-life stages dog food can be fed to bitches year-round and is ideal for weaning puppies. Likewise, Andrea Hesser, DVM, DACT, a board-certified veterinary reproduction specialist who practices at Josey Ranch Pet Hospital in Carrollton, Texas, affirms the positive impact that comes from monitoring body condition, feeding a healthy diet, practicing good basic pregnancy management, and adhering to deworming regimens. Reynolds and Dr. Hesser share their insights and expertise here. If a Golden Retriever bitch has not been fed these foods, is an echocardiogram screening suggested prior to breeding? Hesser: Some veterinary cardiologists and nutritionists advise not to feed grain-free, exotic or boutique diets because of their possible link to DCM. In addition, there are other cardiac conditions such as subvalvular aortic stenosis SAS that are important to be aware of prior to breeding a bitch. Congenital heart defects, those that are present at birth, may not create a murmur or apparent heart disease in a young dog. However, these conditions may be screened for prior to breeding with an echocardiogram, or an ultrasound of the heart. Being aware of any heart disease in a bitch is important going into pregnancy due to the extra work placed on the heart to support the bitch and her litter. Even a minor heart problem may advance into a serious or life-threatening situation. Q: Golden Retrievers are susceptible to the autosomal recessive skin condition ichthyosis, which prevents the outer layer of the epidermis from forming properly and causes thick, dark skin and excessive flaking. Should Golden Retrievers be screened for this condition prior to breeding? Mary Beth Konesky Dr. A large percentage of Goldens with American pedigrees that test as affected do not have clinical signs or they have mild, transient signs in early puppyhood. There may be a modifying genetic factor altering gene expression in these dogs. A genetic test for the autosomal recessive disease can be used to select the best possible match genetically for your dog or bitch when breeding. ICH-2 is a more serious disease that can include weight loss, lethargy, chronic skin infections, and stunted growth, in addition to flaking skin. Q: Should we supplement our bitches with a prenatal supplement, particularly one with folic acid to help prevent cleft palate in puppies? It is absolutely true that a dog needs a little more folic acid during pregnancy to prevent things like neural tube defects and cleft palate in puppies. These all-life stages diets meet the requirements to support normal pregnancy and puppy growth, so there is no need to supplement. Q: If a litter is at risk for allergies, would feeding a hydrolyzed diet to the dam during pregnancy and to puppies during weaning help to reduce the risk of allergies later in life? This could be true for dogs that develop allergies at less than 2 years of age, though this has not been studied in dogs. Hydrolyzed diets are not as high in energy and protein as is needed for a pregnant dog and her puppies. Q: Golden Retriever bitches appear to sometimes develop excessive amniotic or intra-uterine fluid during pregnancy that can be associated with maternal and puppy deaths. I heard that feeding a grain-free diet in the last month of pregnancy can help reduce the amount of carbohydrates and thus may help reduce the fluid associated with this condition. I tried this, and then in the last week of pregnancy I also fed deboned rotisserie chicken, cottage cheese and dandelion root, a natural diuretic to help reduce fluid retention. Using this method, the puppies weighed only 12 ounces at birth compared with a normal weight of 16 ounces. The puppies in this litter weighed 16 ounces. What are your thoughts on this practice? Reynolds: The birth weight of puppies is a very high indicator — one of the best indicators we have — of puppy health. Low birth weight is directly associated with morbidity and mortality. Hesser: Most bitches with this condition only require monitoring and occasionally may need a preterm delivery. Sometimes the fluid accumulation can result in other serious complications, such as pregnancy ketosis in which bitches do not receive enough carbohydrates to support the increasing litter size. Carbohydrates are required for optimal growth and development during pregnancy, so reducing the carbohydrates may have resulted in the smaller birth weights. When using natural diuretic products, you should only use them under the supervision of a veterinarian, as they can have an impact similar to drugs and can stress the kidneys, dehydrate a bitch and potentially kill her. Be cautious of everything going into your pregnant dog. Notably, it is controversial to use diuretics during pregnancy due to a potential harmful effect. Reynolds: None, if you are feeding a high-quality, complete and balanced food. It is much better to start with a great diet that supports moms through pregnancy and lactation and puppies through weaning and growth than it is to add supplements and other foods to a minimal diet. Every time you add something to a diet, you risk putting it out of balance. Q: What can a breeder do to prevent mastitis, the painful inflammation of the mammary glands caused by bacterial infection? Brianna Bischoff Dr. Hesser: Cleanliness is the best preventive for mammary gland infections. A scrupulously clean whelping box is paramount. If you stimulate mammary glands to check if the bitch is producing milk, do so only as needed and make sure to be as clean as possible to reduce the risk of ascending bacteria. Checking her glands regularly for lumps, engorgement, warmth, color changes, or changes in milk color or texture is a good idea. Reynolds: It is important to manage how you feed the mother as puppies are weaned because she is making a lot of milk. If you abruptly take the puppies away, she can get mastitis. I feed the mother at the same time as the puppies in a separate area to control how much she eats and to monitor how much they are eating. When the puppies are from 5 to7 weeks old, I increase the amount of time they are separated from the mother, so they are not nursing very much. Three things stimulate milk production: nursing, food and water. Is feeding different Pro Plan puppy foods a problem for puppies? Reynolds: When you are looking at foods to feed puppies, you want to make sure you are feeding a food appropriate for all-life stages or for puppies. Whenever you are transitioning a dog from one diet to another, you want to make the change slowly over two weeks or so because it takes a while for their microbiome and gastrointestinal tract to adjust to the new diet. Even if the new diet is a great diet, you are going to get some disturbances. If they are too abrupt, you can end up with diarrhea. Q: Living in the Pacific Northwest, where mild temperatures and damp conditions are ideal for coccidiosis, it is not uncommon for puppies to become affected with coccidia around 10 or 11 weeks of age and go off their puppy food. After they recover from coccidia, I often have trouble getting them to go back to their puppy food. My latest litter was weaned on the all-life stages food, and they never went off the food. Do pups fare better going straight to the all-life stages food rather than feeding a puppy food? Tonya Struble Dr. They may associate the smell and taste of the puppy food with when they first got sick and have an aversion to the food. The key with Golden Retriever puppies is to be particularly careful not to let them grow too fast or get too heavy. Because these foods are higher in energy, it is important to watch and manage their growth and weight to prevent excessive rates that could lead to the risk of developing metabolic bone disease. You could consider feeding one of the Purina Pro Plan Large Breed puppy foods, which contain 28 percent protein and 18 percent fat, to promote a healthy growth rate. We can decrease by threefold the chances of puppies getting these disorders by how we feed them. Q: If puppies are weaned on a puppy food, at what age do you recommend switching these dogs to an all-life stages Purina Pro Plan food? Is this the best way to feed puppies? Nona Bauer Dr. Reynolds: You can make that transition at any point with one of the Purina Pro Plan all-life stages foods. I like to make the transition earlier than most people because these foods are in the range of 26 to 30 percent protein and 16 to 20 percent fat, making them really nice diets to transition puppies on. If you do those two things, your chances of ending up with a really healthy adult dog are dramatically increased. Q: Does the bacteria source in a probiotic impact the success of the supplement in reducing stress diarrhea? What is the evidence behind this claim? Reynolds: Yes, probiotics, or live beneficial bacteria, have very different properties giving them different health benefits. The type and amount of the bacteria used are extremely important. The probiotic contained in FortiFlora, Enterococcus faecium SF68, has a gastrointestinal and immune effect. At Purina, we conducted two efficacy trials to evaluate the benefits of SF68 in puppies fed a control diet or a diet supplemented with the probiotic from weaning through 1 year of age. These studies showed that during weaning, puppies fed SF68 had more stable microflora patterns than puppies fed the control food. Golden Retriever Heat Cycles Explained: Complete Guide Posted on May 9, by Galen Kauffman Share: Golden Retrievers are not only adorable and loving companions but also fascinating creatures when it comes to their reproductive cycles. As a first-time Golden Retriever owner, you may find yourself wondering how to handle your furry friend during her heat cycle. Fear not, as this article will provide you with all the essential information and practical advice to navigate this journey with ease. Key Takeaways: Golden Retrievers go through heat cycles, also known as estrus, which is a natural part of their reproductive process. Responsible pet ownership includes considering the best time for breeding, potential health risks, and the importance of spaying or neutering. Plan for potential behavioral changes and be patient and understanding with your dog. Stock up on washable doggy diapers and designate a comfortable resting area for your dog during her heat. Allowing your Golden Retriever to roam freely outside during heat may lead to unplanned breeding. Designate a comfortable and secluded area for your dog to rest during her heat. Regularly clean and sanitize the designated area to ensure a hygienic environment. The first heat cycle usually occurs around the age of six to fifteen months. Dogs usually experience two heat cycles per year, although this can vary. Breeding a Golden Retriever during her heat cycle is not mandatory and should be a carefully considered decision. Responsible breeding requires thorough research, proper planning, and finding suitable mates. Estrus: This is the fertile phase, lasting around 5 to 13 days. Your dog will be receptive to mating and may seek out male dogs. It lasts approximately 60 to 90 days and involves a gradual decline in hormone levels. Anestrus: The resting phase of the reproductive cycle before the next heat cycle begins. Silent Heat Sometimes, Golden Retrievers may experience a silent heat, where there are minimal or no obvious signs of the estrus phase. This can make it challenging to detect when your dog is fertile, emphasizing the need for vigilance and responsible pet management. This irregularity in timing can be confusing for pet owners and may require additional monitoring. Be sure to spend quality time with her. Increase playtime and mental stimulation to keep your dog engaged and distracted from mating urges. Limit outdoor walks to avoid encounters with intact males and reduce the likelihood of unplanned breeding. Consult with your veterinarian before using any natural remedies to ensure they are safe and appropriate for your dog. If your dog displays signs of extreme discomfort or unusual behavior during her heat, consult your veterinarian. Any indications of illness or abnormal bleeding should be addressed promptly by a professional. Timing is crucial for successful breeding, so accurate monitoring is essential. Various tests, such as hormone level assessments, can help determine the ideal time for mating. Unplanned pregnancies can occur if your dog mates with an intact male during her fertile phase. Proper management and supervision are essential to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Keep her away from intact males to avoid unwanted advances. Phantom Pregnancy in Golden Retrievers Signs A phantom pregnancy, also known as pseudocyesis, is when a non-pregnant dog displays signs of pregnancy. Common signs include nesting behavior, enlarged mammary glands, and maternal instincts. Phantom pregnancies can last for several weeks and can be emotionally challenging for your dog. Provide comfort and reassurance during this time, and consult your veterinarian if necessary. Differentiating False vs. Real Pregnancy A false pregnancy can closely mimic the symptoms of a real pregnancy, making it difficult to differentiate without professional assistance. Consult with your veterinarian to confirm whether your dog is experiencing a real or phantom pregnancy. What To Do Provide a calm and secure environment for your dog during this period to ease any anxiety she may be experiencing. Avoid encouraging nesting behavior, as this can reinforce false pregnancy symptoms. The Importance of Spaying or Neutering Golden Retrievers Spaying or neutering your Golden Retriever is a responsible decision that can prevent unwanted litters and reduce health risks. Engage in interactive games and activities that keep your dog mentally engaged and physically active. By understanding the different phases, signs, and potential health risks, you can provide the best care for your furry friend during this time. Golden Retrievers are pregnant for approximately 63 days, from conception to birth. Do Golden Retrievers go through menopause? No, Golden Retrievers do not go through menopause. They continue to have heat cycles throughout their lives. Is it normal for my Golden Retriever to lose her appetite during heat? Yes, it is common for some Golden Retrievers to experience a decreased appetite during their heat cycle. Monitor her food intake and consult your veterinarian if you have concerns. Can I spay my Golden Retriever while she is in heat? It is generally recommended to wait until your dog is out of heat before spaying to reduce surgical risks and complications. What age should you spay a Golden Retriever? Consult with your veterinarian to determine the best timing for your pet. Galen has been connecting quality Golden Retriever breeders with loving families since and is the founder of My Golden Retriever Puppies. He and his wife have four children and love spending time together, traveling lived oversees for 4 years , enjoying the outdoors and connecting Golden families. Be the first to know when we have new puppies! All Rights Reserved. Pet Keen is reader-supported. When you buy via links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission at no cost to you. Learn more. Golden Retriever puppies are fluffy balls of joy, and you must be thrilled to welcome them into your home. But how many puppies should you be expecting from this upcoming litter? On average, Golden Retrievers can have around eight puppies. Litter sizes can vary depending on the breed of dog, so there are a few factors that can determine the litter size of your Golden Retriever. This article goes over what kind of litter you could be expecting based on your Golden Retriever mother. Litter Size: First-Time vs. This is the national average for first-time mothers, so it is normal for your dog to give birth to a few less or a few more. However, it is always important for her to have check-ups with a vet to ensure everything is going well with her puppies. It is very rare that your Goldie will have a single puppy birth. Litter sizes of over a dozen puppies are also possible with Golden Retrievers, but not as common. If your Golden Retriever is pregnant, it is safe to assume that she will give birth to four to nine puppies. While it is always important to feed your dog a healthy and balanced diet, pregnant dogs need high-quality vitamins and minerals and premium protein. Dog food that is filled with additives and fillers can affect the litter size. Diet will also be a factor in how healthy the puppies will be after birth and what their survival rate will be. Health: If your Golden Retriever is obese or not given enough exercise, this can affect the litter. An unhealthy Goldie will more than likely produce a small litter. The puppies might also be born weak and have a smaller chance of survival. Age of both parents. You do not want to breed your female Golden Retriever too young or too old. The age range for the female to be bred is 2 to 5 years old. However, if you wait to breed your Goldie for the first time after they are five years old, their litters will always be smaller in number. The age of the male is also a factor. The sperm count in males will decrease once they reach 5 years old. Genetics: Dogs that have a more diverse gene pool are more likely to have larger litters than dogs that have been overly inbred. This is why if you go to a breeder, ask them about the parents and if they have been tested for defects. Image Credit: PorChonlawit, Shutterstock Final Considerations If you are a dog owner, you already know how important health, diet, and exercise are for raising a strong and happy dog. These factors must also be considered when deciding if you want to breed your Golden Retriever. Have her checked with the vet before she gets pregnant to make sure she is healthy and able to carry a litter safely. Ensure the potential mate is also healthy and the right age. However, no matter the litter size, each puppy will be a bundle of pure joy! A Canadian expat, Nicole now lives on a lush forest property with her Kiwi husband and new baby daughter in New Zealand. She has a strong love for all animals of all shapes and sizes and particularly loves a good interspecies friendship and wants to share her animal knowledge and other experts' knowledge with pet lovers across the globe.Read more Advertisement. Less physical activity — Nothing noticeable with Raven. Hungry, hungry, hungry! More affection please — One word: Golden Retriever. Behavior changes — Nothing noticeable here with Raven. Vaginal discharge — She keeps pretty tidy in her nether regions, but in hindsight, I do recall her licking herself more frequently than normal. Bigger Nipples — This time around I started noticing an increase in the size of her nipples around halfway through. Maybe after about 5 weeks? Not until towards the end of the second trimester have we noticed signs that Raven is pregnant. More pee-pee! Belly starts to pooch — Yep! This is probably one of the first things I notice that confirms pregnancy. I mention this again below. Every breed and dog will be different. By the time she gives birth, we also start adding a powdered probiotic to her meals which we noticed has helped her with digestion when taking care of her litter. This gives us a rough idea of when she will begin labor. Antsy, restless, pacing, panting, digging, nesting… — Yes, yes, yes! We both Raven and I usually have a few restless nights before the puppies arrive. Check out the AKC website for more information about dog pregnancy and gestation periods. Our Golden Retriever was pregnant for 63 days plus or minus a day or two After she had her first puppy? Just Kidding… Raven was bred on March 1st, .The real question is when did Raven show clear signs that she was pregnant. Pregnancy 2 — It was around 3 weeks out that I was fairly confident Raven was pregnant. I noticed 3 signs. First, her stomach was big enough that she was showing. Second, her nipples were much larger than normal. Pregnancy 3 — Very similar to pregnancy 2 — This time I really noticed the enlarged nipples and her fur flaring from the side of her body. The last thing I noticed was her bulging belly. All 3 signs became apparent around 4 weeks out. Also, you can get an ultrasound, blood test, or have your vet check your dog to confirm pregnancies much earlier. Am I getting better at noticing the signs of pregnancy? Theory 2: Raven started showing earlier because she has more puppies in her belly. Theory 2 sounds more plausible to me and since Raven started showing earlier in her third pregnancy we could be in for a big litter. That brings us back to one of the other questions we got on our blog a couple of years ago: How many puppies in a litter of Golden Retrievers? So, I have two questions for you guys today: When do you think Raven will have her puppies? How many puppies will Raven have in her third litter? If you have any questions or comments please leave us a note in our comment section below. If you guys are expecting a litter of puppies then you should check out our whelping checklist. It lists all the supplies we like to have before our litter of pups arrives. Helps ease anxiety in their new home. We love using Bully Sticks to help divert these unwanted behaviors. Check out more of our favorites on our New Puppy Checklist. Colby Colby Morita has been raising and training guide and service dog puppies for over 13 years. Colby has been writing to the PuppyInTraining.